No 1 (2025)

the article examines the issue of the representation of subjective modality in the Russian columnistic discourse. The purpose of the study is to study the linguistic ways of implementing subjective modality in the texts of the author's column. The tasks include the consideration of the main approaches to understanding the category of modality and the study of ways to represent subjective modality in the texts of Russian columnistic discourse. Modality is considered as an integral part of all the elements of discourse. The columnistic discourse is understood as a part of journalistic discourse and refers to institutional discourse. It is noted that the modality of media texts is associated with the invasive nature of media discourse. It is emphasized that the text of the author's column is one of the most productive spaces for the realization of persistence using subjective modality. Subjective modality is defined as the mental attitude and assessment of the author of the text. It is indicated that the author's position prevails in the texts of the columnists, represented by means of subjective modality. It is concluded that the author's column is characterized by an explicit realization of a subjective modality. The modality of the texts of the author's column translates the relationship between the addressee and the addressee of information in the space of media discourse. The text of the columnist implements both the modality of reality and the modality of possibility represented by the author's value judgments.

the article provides a comparative analysis of lexical-semantic fields of color terms in Russian and Finno-Ugric languages (using the examples of Udmurt and Komi-Zyryan). Based on semantic, etymological, and linguocultural analysis, universal and nationally specific features are revealed in the color worldview of Russian and Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia. The article determines the peculiarities of formation, development, and functioning of color terms in the studied languages, their symbolic and cultural-connotative meanings. Special attention is paid to the structure of lexical-semantic fields, including core and peripheral components, as well as the etymology of basic color terms. The cultural connotations of basic colors and their role in traditional culture and rituals of the studied peoples are analyzed. The mechanisms of color nomination, ways of forming derivative color terms, and their functioning in various language spheres are examined in detail. The processes of linguistic interference in color vocabulary, features of borrowings, and calquing of color terms are investigated. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of metaphorical and symbolic meanings of color terms in folklore and literary texts. The study reveals that while there are typologically similar features determined by universal patterns of color designation and language contacts, each language demonstrates nationally specific features in the perception and categorization of color space.

after the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, the Iraqi media is quite contradictory and difficult to understand. If earlier they were subject to the constant control of one ruling party and the government, today private television broadcasting appears. Since 2003, information, news, programs, and events have been broadcast directly and openly. The technical support of Iraq's TV and Internet channels with its own near-Earth satellites is being considered. The Iraqi media has faced enormous difficulties, given the rapid changes that have taken place in this area. Having so many media outlets, especially after more than three decades of authoritarian control, censorship and persecution during the Baath regime, is a great achievement for Iraqis on their way to integration into the world community. However, in its current disorderly state, the Iraqi media mainly serves the interests of individuals, who tend to be guided mainly by political or economic motives. One of the problems is that the Iraqi Government must lay the foundation and legislative framework for a more responsible and professional media in Iraqi society. In order for the Iraqi media to realize their potential, Iraqi media workers must be given the opportunity to truly lead the process of rebuilding responsible and professional media. A number of channels have been analyzed for the repeatability of news and the influence of content sources. Iraqi local TV channels and satellite channels, radio, magazines are now competing for the right to broadcast, broadcast and report the latest news.

this article is devoted to the consideration of lexical works on writing special texts dedicated to unmanned aerial vehicles. It is noted that the accuracy of translation of special texts of the noted focus during a military operation is relevant and innovative. Particular attention is paid to translation solutions that best ensure the most accurate transfer of vocabulary and phrases in this area. The results of the analysis presented in the article can be used to develop the professional skills of translators, specialists with aviation-related texts, as well as to ensure flight safety and the effectiveness of international operations.

this article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of superstitions in Chinese and Russian cultures with the aim of identifying their common features and national peculiarities, as well as determining the role of superstitions in shaping social norms and values. The study of superstitions is particularly relevant in the context of globalization and cultural interpenetration. On the one hand, there is a tendency towards the unification of cultural norms, which may lead to the erosion of national differences in the sphere of superstitions. On the other hand, the globalization process is accompanied by a growing interest in national roots and traditions, which contributes to the revival and popularization of various beliefs. The goal of the research is to determine the place and role of superstitions in the system of cultural values of Chinese and Russian society and to analyze their influence on individual behavior. The following research methods were used in this work: comparative analysis and analysis of textual sources. As a result of the conducted research, the following main groups of superstitions were identified: beliefs related to natural phenomena, social relations, health, wealth, and success. The main reasons for the emergence and spread of superstitions were analyzed. It was revealed that many superstitions have ancient roots and are associated with animistic views of the world. The main functions of superstitions in modern society have been determined. A final conclusion was made that superstitions are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that requires further study. Despite their seeming irrationality, superstitions play an important role in people's lives, providing psychological support and contributing to the preservation of cultural identity. The study of superstitions allows for a deeper understanding of the peculiarities of national mentality and the features of the functioning of social groups.

this article carefully examines the issue of how the term “secondary text” is defined within the framework of various approaches. Key approaches to studying the boundaries of this concept are highlighted, conducting a detailed analysis of various opinions of authors on this topic. Attention is paid to the review of scientific and practical research, which allows for a deeper understanding of the controversial nature of the concept. When analyzing the works, it becomes clear that the term “secondary text” when it appeared had rather literary semantics, which, as research on this topic grew, became narrower and more linguistic. The article ends with conclusions in which the author seeks to synthesize a general definition of the concept of “secondary text”, emphasizing its versatility and significance in the context of modern philological research. This analysis can serve as a guide for future research, opening up new horizons for understanding complex text structures.

the article is devoted to the study of the work ‘Hazinat al-ulama wa zinat al-fuqaha’ (Treasury of scholars and decoration of jurists) by the Golden Horde theologian of the XIV century Muhammad al-Bulgari (d. 1418). In this article we would like to consider the practical application of scientific research methods on the example of studying the manuscript of Muhammad al-Bulgari. Such methods of scientific research as: Textological analysis includes the study of the text of the manuscript in order to identify its authenticity, as well as to determine the various variants and editions. In this context, researchers compare different manuscripts to establish their relationship and trace the evolution of the text. This method also includes critical analysis of the sources to determine the original version of the texts and their changes over time. Linguistic analysis: The study of the language and style used in a manuscript, which can help in determining the time and place of its creation. Historical and cultural context. Philological approach. A philological approach involves the study of the language, style and structure of the text. This may include such method as semantic analysis, which involves the study of the meanings of words and phrases in the context of their use. Structural analysis which is the study of the composition of the text, its logic and argumentation.

this article is devoted to the topic of teaching Russian in a foreign audience, namely in Chinese, at an advanced stage of learning. The need to analyze predicates of the declared type arose when discussing the topic "Natural disasters and catastrophes" in Russian language lessons in a group of master students-geographers of the first year of study. Such important topics as ecology, environmental care and the latter's reaction to human activity have led to the need to discuss these topics in Russian language classes with future geographers. The reality is that the anthropogenic factor affecting our nature and the world around us, unfortunately, in most cases causes death, loss, death, and sometimes the complete disappearance of some species of animals and plants, the destruction of landscapes and natural areas. Studying the texts of the listed topics, it turned out that the different shades of meanings expressed in the studied predicates in Russian have far from unambiguous equivalents in Chinese. And this led to the need to conduct a comparative analysis of certain language material with the Chinese language. It was important to find the areas of greatest discrepancy in the meanings of the linguistic material considered in this article in Russian and Chinese, conduct a detailed analysis of similarities and differences, predict possible difficulties and draw methodological conclusions about ways to overcome mistakes in this area, leaving for methodologists the task of determining the place, time and method of introducing this material during the educational process.

the purpose of the study is to determine the role of a translator as a cultural mediator in the process of realia's translation. This concept of a translator was considered at the end of the 20th century, when there was a need to rethink the role of culture in the translation process, including the translation of cultural contexts and realias. The importance of culture in the translation can be seen in the material of the Persian and Russian languages, systematized according to the classification of realias by E. Nida. The scientific novelty of the work lies in considering a translator as a cultural mediator from the point of view of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. The result of the study was the definition of the role of a translator as a cultural mediator and the identification of those skills that a translator needs in order to effectively ensure intercultural interaction.

this article examines the grammatical means of implementing the category of futurality in complex sentences of the Latin language when translating the text of the Canonical Gospels from Koine Greek into Latin, and compares it with Church Slavonic and Russian translations. Based on the results of the comparative analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn. The category of futurality is realized mainly through the use of modern forms of the verb, as well as through the system of verbal moods, however, the very ratio of modern forms and forms of moods in each language has a number of features directly related to the history of the language and the influence of translated sacred texts on this language. In addition, additional lexical markers can also be used to express futurality, which realize themselves especially well in the system of a complex sentence, defining the general modal plan and semantics of the text. Translators of the Greek text into Latin often and quite naturally replaced the forms of Greek participles with conjugated verb forms. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the fragments under study are taken from the Gospel of Matthew, which was originally written in Hebrew, and only then translated into Greek, although it came to us in a later Greek translation. Thus, taking into account this fact, it can be assumed that the Latin translator could to use an older version of the Greek text, or simply interpreted the additional action as a full-fledged one, and later translators took into account the Latin version.

the present study is devoted to the little-studied topic of the development of epistolary journalism in the work of Marin Dr?i? in the mid-16th century, when the Renaissance literature of the Dubrovnik Republic emerged. M. Dr?i?'s letters addressed to Cosimo I Medici and his son are considered for the first time in domestic literary studies, revealing the processes occurring in society and in man of the Renaissance in the Dalmatian-Dubrovnik region. M. Dr?i?'s epistolary covers the problems of the state, judicial procedure, church activity, and the social status of the local population. Two editions of M. Dr?i?'s letters, translated from Italian into the writer's native language, are considered for the first time. One edition was published in the twentieth century in Belgrade in 1963, and the other in the twenty-first century in Zagreb in 2011. The latter analyzes newly found letters in 2006 in the State Archive of Florence, from the contents of which it becomes clear that Dr?i? received replies to his messages, although it was previously thought that they were ignored by the addressee. The judicial processes analyzed in Dr?i?'s letters are covered in his plays The Miser and Arkulin. One of the themes addressed by the writer in his letters is the denunciation of the Dubrovnik rulers' avarice and their loss of moral values. Their emotional content reveals new facets of the writer's personality, contributing to the understanding of his work. Thus, thanks to these letters, the processes of the formation of M. Dr?i?'s journalism are investigated, the degree of their study is clarified, and new content meanings are revealed, taking into account the theoretical achievements of modern literary studies.

according to Rosstat the Russian economy has developed sufficiently in recent decades to offer customers a wide variety of goods and services. Nowadays, it is not the customer who adjusts to the market offer, but producers strive to capture and retain his attention. With the development of consumer society, the problem of conscious use of existing resources has become relevant. The first step towards its solution is to understand the techniques and methods used by manufacturers to attract customers. Such methods are not only a colorful advertising campaign, but also speech turns, means of expression. Directly or indirectly they affect the person’s psyche and encourage him to buy a product that he may not need. The main problem is the lack of appreciation of the role of stylistic techniques in the process of creating the intention to purchase particular goods. The purpose of this article is to consider this regularity in practice. The paper considers the peculiarities of publicistic style, the specificity of stylistic devices in advertising texts. These techniques are analyzed on the specific example of advertising of fast food restaurants «Tasty and Dot». The article proves the dependence of a sharp increase in the popularity of the restaurant chain and a competently built advertising campaign. This confirms the importance of stylistics in the psychology of consumers and the formation of loyalty to a new product.

the purpose of the presented research is to trace and identify the extent of the presence and nature of popular science information in the Russian university media policy. The priority scientific tasks facing the authors are to determine the types and types, thematic areas, structural and meaningful organization of media texts. Attention is drawn to a wide range of media content: textual specifics, multimedia and visual means. The authors of this article focus on the scientific theoretical and applied developments and research of leading international and Russian scientists. The author's approach to the study of this type of content, its impact on the virtual and real space of interaction, communication and consolidation of social forces, primarily the student community, is proposed. University information policy is considered in the context of the creation, dissemination and influence of popular science media products. The presented media research covers the information resources of the largest federal universities – Kazan (Volga Region) and the Far East ones. The choice of these universities is dictated by the indicators of efficiency and effectiveness of their activities: they have significant scientific and educational potential, a powerful material and technical base, have a solid international reputation, implement a wide range of large-scale research and, most importantly for us, have the structure of corporate media structures. The authors identify and study the key elements of the formation and implementation of an effective information policy by an educational institution through media products. The content of various sections of the websites of universities, as well as the mass media produced by them, is being investigated. The presented material will be interesting and useful for representatives of the university community.

this article examines the phenomenon of antonymy in phraseological units of the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages. A comparative analysis of antonymic relations of the languages under study is carried out. This study is aimed at identifying similarities and differences in antonymic compatibility, features and general structure of the opposition of meanings using phraseological units of the Crimean Tatar and Russian languages as an example. It is noted that antonymic relations arise between the semantic contents of phraseological units whose meanings are opposite in the original grammatical form, or additional shades of meaning in phraseological units are contrasting. The antonymy of phraseological units also depends on their lexical and semantic compatibility. Although the valence of antonymic phraseological units may not completely coincide, antonymic relations and oppositions between them are preserved. Examples of sentences with antonymous phraseological units from the author of the article and from works of fiction are given.

the purpose of the work is to study the adaptation of foreign words in the host language. The phonetic, semantic and grammatical adaptation of such foreign words as flask and volley in Russian and the development of their meanings are studied. An appeal to dictionaries made it possible to find out the composition of meanings, and the subsequent analysis of examples from the texts made it possible to find out the process of adaptation of German words in the host Russian language. The proposed algorithm for studying borrowings that came from other languages to the host language allows us to establish the degree of, first of all, lexical and semantic adaptation of such words by comparing their meanings and examples of their use in the diachronic aspect. As a result of the study, it was established that the German word Flasche did not completely go through the period of lexical adaptation, since it retained only part of the meanings. As for semantic adaptation, the word flask has completed this process and began to denote a small container for storing liquids in field conditions and during transportation. The Russian word volley, which came from the German language, went through a period of lexical adaptation, retaining its original meanings. Being a military term, this word received a number of additional meanings. As for figurative meanings, it lost its meaning, adopting a new one "without a break" in the form of a new word volley.

the article discusses the features of the formation of self-regulation skills in preschool children. The article describes the concept of "self-regulation", its specifics and conditions of formation during preschool childhood, as well as its impact on further education, socialization and adaptation in society. The key aspects in the development of self-regulation, such as the control of emotions, behavior, and actions in preschool children, are described. In addition, the authors describe the main features and areas of work on the formation of self-regulation skills in preschool age, which include: the development of arbitrariness, volitional sphere, emotional intelligence, empathy, flexibility of thinking, creative abilities, formation of self-esteem, tolerance, responsibility, resistance to stress, training in planning and forecasting, relaxation techniques, management time, reflection, cooperation and critical thinking. The paper suggests appropriate means of developing self-regulation skills in preschoolers, which include taking into account individual characteristics, personal example of adults, the use of play activities, as well as support and conversations from adults. The study also presents conditions, compliance with which will contribute to the effective formation of self-regulation skills in preschoolers.

the article reveals the importance of the future professional development of vocal teachers at pedagogical universities in China, as well as the current problems of vocal teaching that need to be solved. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems facing the professional development of voice teachers in Chinese universities today and develop constructive and unique recommendations for this professional field. Research methods: the method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others. In the context of the modern diversified development of the world, all universities in China face powerful challenges in the field of vocal music education. Musical education has always been a symbol of the culture, spirit and thought of the country. At universities, vocal music education is an important part of many musical fields, and it accounts for more students than other musical fields. Vocal teachers at Chinese universities, especially young ones, face serious problems in their further personal development. The article pays special attention to current trends in the development of voice teachers at pedagogical universities in China and Russia, as well as the influence of traditional and new concepts of voice education on the professional development of voice teachers at universities. Based on the research of Chinese and Russian scientists, as well as specialists in the field of music education at universities, recommendations and plans for further personal development of voice teachers at Chinese universities are proposed. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems facing the professional development of voice teachers in Chinese universities today and to develop constructive and unique recommendations for this professional field. Methods: The main research methods: the method of analysis, comparison, logical reasoning and many others. Results: The issues of future career development of vocal music teachers in Chinese pedagogical universities have been studied. Conclusions: Currently, a lot of attention is paid to vocal education in China. The conducted research takes into account the unique Chinese folk music and traditional concepts of vocal education. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the personal development plans of vocal teachers at universities should be closely linked to the core values of China. The main guidelines for future development are: the integration of modern teaching methods into the educational process and the personal development of teachers, the opening of new horizons for voice teachers at Chinese universities, as well as for future students who will become voice teachers in order to promote creativity in voice teaching.

this paper presents the experience of using the interval repetition system, as well as direct and indirect methods of teaching a foreign language in a non-linguistic university. The authors examined the expediency and productivity of the above methods, paying attention to their strengths and weaknesses, demonstrating which didactic units one or another method works better when studying. The article analyzes an innovative analytical approach with an emphasis on form, developed by Long, which involves the use of various pedagogical procedures, its prospects are demonstrated by the authors on the example of teaching law students. We believe that this study will provide some insight into students' spoken language, their abilities and skills. Despite the fact that the study was short, we tried to study the speech manners of students and how they manifest themselves in specific circumstances. This article gives foreign language teachers an idea of what methods and practices will help our students improve their conversational skills.

the paper examines the impact of digitalization on academic mobility students and the development of education in Russia and China. The definition of digitalization with a description of its components is presented. The specifics of the education system of Russia and China in line with the partnership are described. The main directions of education development according to the current program "Digital transformation of education and artificial intelligence" in cooperation between Russia and China are presented. The advantages of the introduction of digital technologies are described (the economic effect towards resources, reducing the burden on the bureaucracy, increasing the availability of educational programs, encouraging students' independence). The joint academic mobility programs of Russia and China are described, taking into account the impact of digitalization.

the quality of education shows that the results achieved during training meet the requirements of educational standards and criteria of employers, for whom the practical skills of future employees are a priority. The study of pedagogical ecosystems in the context of digitalization is becoming especially relevant against the background of global technological changes that affect all aspects of public life, including education. Digitalization of the educational environment leads to radical changes in the methods of teaching, learning and management of educational processes. This, in turn, requires the adaptation and development of new pedagogical approaches capable of integrating digital technologies into the educational process, making it more accessible, inclusive and effective. The purpose of this study is to consider and analyze pedagogical ecosystems in the context of digitalization.

the article is devoted to updating the problem of introducing innovative technologies in the context of modern scientific, philosophical and educational approaches. Particular attention is paid to competency, activity, information approaches as the leading grounds for the meaningful introduction of innovative technologies into real pedagogical practice. The purpose of the study: to identify the essence (theoretical provisions, scientific ideas) of the new philosophy of education in the process of introducing innovative technologies. Theoretical research methods: study and analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, generalization, comparison, analogy, synthesis; practical: observation, conversations. The analysis of scientific and pedagogical sources used the works of modern scientists (E.A. Drugova and A.I. Vanieva, S.D. Karakozova and E.A. Samokhvalova, M.L. Kuryan and E.A. Voronina, E.N. Patrikova) based on the leading ideas of classical teachers (J. Ravn, K.D. Ushinsky and others). As a result, the target settings of the studied scientific approaches (activity, competence, information), their achievements and "growth points" in the field of technology use in accordance with the main provisions of each of them were identified.

today, Russia is going through a difficult process of cultural and social adaptation to the achievements of scientific and technological progress, which puts technology in the foreground. At the same time, technology and technology are becoming a significant factor shaping culture and society, determining significant changes in people's activities caused by the digital economy. The relevance of developing digital competencies of specialists is emphasized by the President of the Russian Federation in Decrees and the Government of the Russian Federation by adopting the national program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation". The purpose of the study is to show the possibility of developing digital competencies in the formation of professional competencies of a subject teacher.

in today's wave of globalization, music education is no longer limited to a single culture or region, but presents a new trend that transcends national boundaries and integrates multiple cultures. The music of people from all over the world contains rich cultural connotations, historical memories and national emotions. In this interconnected world, music, as a bridge of culture, transcends the boundaries of language and region, allowing people from different countries and nationalities to share the beauty of music. Therefore, for music education, incorporating the music of people from all over the world into the teaching content has become an inevitable choice. Especially in the teaching of Chinese folk songs, audio-visual technology plays an irreplaceable role. Through high-definition video images and three-dimensional audio effects, students can feel as if they are in the land where folk songs were born, feel the simplicity and innocence, and appreciate the profound cultural heritage and national sentiments contained in folk songs. This paper aims to explore how to use audio-visual technology to enable children to learn world music, especially Chinese folk songs, in music classes. Through this approach, we hope that children can not only master music knowledge in an interesting and efficient teaching environment, but also enhance their understanding and perception of diverse cultures, laying a solid foundation for their all-round development.

the article is devoted to language teaching in technical universities as a means of understanding intercultural differences and the way to form specialists who are able to work effectively in a multinational team. The paper considers the main approaches in the interpretation of the concept of “cross-cultural communication”. The components of the concept of “intercultural literacy” are described and its important role in the formation of a modern specialist is substantiated. The article presents the system of methodological and didactic practices used by teachers in foreign language classes at Kazan Power Engineering University. It is concluded that foreign language disciplines are the most important means of formation of intercultural literacy of engineers and IT specialists.

the article says that creative imagination plays an important role in the development of older preschool children. Its development contributes to the formation of creative skills that are vital in the modern world: children learn to find non-standard solutions, generate ideas and think in alternative directions, which helps them become more flexible and adapted to various situations. In this article, the authors consider the concept of creative imagination and characterize the tools of its development in older preschool children in modern conditions of the kindergarten educational system. Modern educational conditions have a significant impact on the choice of methods and forms of organization of work on the development of creative imagination in older preschoolers. The article also identifies the most effective technologies that can be used by kindergarten teachers in working on the development of the creative imagination of older preschoolers. In more detail, the authors focus on the characteristics of such a tool for the development of creative imagination in older preschool children, used in the modern educational space, as classes in a cartoon studio. The paper also provides arguments regarding the value of using animation in educational activities in the chosen field of research. In addition, the authors focus on describing the conditions that teachers should follow in order to create a cartoon studio in kindergarten and apply children's activities in it in order to develop creative imagination in older preschoolers.

the article discusses issues related to digital transformation in education, including modern technology in Chinese language teaching. Digital transformation in education aims to change the teaching process by introducing modern technologies. The changes are not only about the use of digital tools in the classroom, but also about the ways of transmitting and receiving knowledge. In today's society, digital technologies are becoming an integral part of our daily lives, penetrating into various fields of endeavour, including education. Technologies not only change the ways of obtaining and transferring knowledge, but also significantly affect the organisation of the learning process, opening up new opportunities. The article focuses on the peculiarities of the Chinese language. The foregoing shows that digital resources contribute to the effectiveness of Chinese language teaching.

the purpose of the study is to find solutions to problems related to the conclusion of a specialist in the Russian criminal process. The analysis of legal doctrine, as well as law enforcement practice, demonstrates the existence of significant problems that do not allow the expert's opinion to be effectively used as evidence in criminal proceedings. Based on the conducted research, the authors conclude that the court is critical of such evidence due to the lack of proper procedural regulation. In fact, the legislator only names, but does not disclose the essence of this evidence. The issues of correlation between the conclusion and the review of a specialist are investigated. A specialist's review is an instrument actively used in law enforcement practice, which does not have any special regulatory regulation in the criminal procedure law. The problem of identifying the review and the conclusion of a specialist is considered. The authors draw attention to the absence of legal consequences for the specialist when making a deliberately false conclusion. The conducted research allows the author to form a proposal to eliminate the identified problems in the form of amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The proposed changes will resolve the problems associated with the regulation of the expert's opinion, which will subsequently allow the law enforcement officer to most effectively apply the expert's opinion in practice.

the article reveals an actual problem of the use of preventive and operational combat against crime in the difficult period of the Great Patriotic War for the country. The study goal is to summarize the legal experience of combating crime in this historical period. The research objectives include the factual analysis of scientific literature and historical sources on the topic under study; consideration of the main normative acts regulating the fight against crime during the Great Patriotic War, as well as in the generalization of the results obtained. The research methodology is based on the historical and legal approach. Within the framework of the study, the following methods were used: formal logical analysis; legal analysis of historical documents and regulations; historiographical analysis of research literature on the topic under study. Based on the research results, the following conclusions were made: the systematization of the regulatory legal framework, including the introduction of capital punishment and a military tribunal «without trial and investigation» to punish criminals without bureaucratic procedures, made it possible to quickly identify and suppress criminal acts during martial law.

absolutely all citizens of the Russian Federation are considered by criminals as potential victims of contactless theft and fraud, everyone can suffer, and some more than once. The impact is carried out in combination with the use of technological capabilities of information and communication technologies with psychological manipulation of people through social engineering. The mass commission of this type of crime against citizens of the Russian Federation is one of the methods of hybrid warfare currently being waged against our country, from the territory of Ukraine. Cyberspace has long been considered by the Ukrainian authorities as a separate operational domain of military operations, the same as land, sea or air. The consequences of this type of crime for victims can be very negative, including not only financial harm, but also psychological and reputational damage. Based on statistical indicators, the author has compiled an average portrait of the victim of this type of crime, and identified victimological prerequisites for the commission of contactless theft and fraud.

this article examines the issue of increasing the amount of state fees when applying to the court. The author analyzes the possible consequences of such a decision and its impact on access to justice and the workload of the courts. Increasing the amount of state fees causes controversy. In order to reduce the workload of the judicial system, alternatives such as pre-trial dispute resolution and simplification of judicial procedures are considered. The author concludes that the issue of increasing the state fee requires careful analysis and assessment of the possible consequences for citizens and organizations engaged in agricultural activities on private property.