Problems of adaptation of German words from the times of the Nemetskaya Sloboda in the Russian language

the purpose of the work is to study the adaptation of foreign words in the host language. The phonetic, semantic and grammatical adaptation of such foreign words as flask and volley in Russian and the development of their meanings are studied. An appeal to dictionaries made it possible to find out the composition of meanings, and the subsequent analysis of examples from the texts made it possible to find out the process of adaptation of German words in the host Russian language. The proposed algorithm for studying borrowings that came from other languages to the host language allows us to establish the degree of, first of all, lexical and semantic adaptation of such words by comparing their meanings and examples of their use in the diachronic aspect. As a result of the study, it was established that the German word Flasche did not completely go through the period of lexical adaptation, since it retained only part of the meanings. As for semantic adaptation, the word flask has completed this process and began to denote a small container for storing liquids in field conditions and during transportation. The Russian word volley, which came from the German language, went through a period of lexical adaptation, retaining its original meanings. Being a military term, this word received a number of additional meanings. As for figurative meanings, it lost its meaning, adopting a new one "without a break" in the form of a new word volley.

adaptation, lexical adaptation, semantic adaptation, German language, Russian language, German settlement, diachronicaspect, literarytexts, comparison, dictionaries