No 3 (2025)

this study explores the evolution of popular science media for children in China, focusing on the transition from print editions to multimedia platforms. The purpose of the research is to analyze the changes in formats and the impact of digital technologies on content, structure, and audience interaction. The research employs qualitative and quantitative content analysis as well as a comparative approach. The scientific novelty lies in identifying key trends in digitalization and evaluating the educational potential of multimedia platforms. The findings indicate that multimedia formats enhance interactivity and accessibility of content but require addressing issues of quality and digital inequality. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of recommendations for creating educational content for children.

the analysis of the specifics of the functioning of special linguistic units in song (intermedial) texts allowed us to assert that the so-called "sound refrains", "emotional stretches" or "vocalizations" enhance the expressive, communicative, aesthetic and influencing component of a musical poetic text, thereby functionally approaching the iconic phenomena of language, and can be considered within such a a grammatical class of words like interjections. Therefore, when translating such song interjections, one should take into account the specifics of their emotive meaning, which is not always identical to international emotional interjections. The article examines individual examples of the functioning of song interjections in the texts of English rock music of the twentieth century and proposes the principle of translating such linguistic units into Russian.

the article author discusses archaisms, historicisms, as well as neologisms used in Polish folk art on the example of a folk tale from the collected works of the famous Polish ethnographer and folklorist of the XIX century O. Kolberg. The research goal is to demonstrate how the interdialectal elements of language create a folklore picture of the world that is close not only to the narrator, but also to the listener. The research objectives are to provide the author's classification of historicisms found in the text of the Polish folk tale, as well as to analyze neologisms that have remained unstudied until now. The research methodology is based on the linguocultural approach and includes such methods as systematization, generalization, lexicographic analysis, critical analysis, comparison, and systematization. In the course of the study, the following results were obtained: historicisms always correspond to the opposition of heroes and the genre of a fairy tale, and outdated vocabulary and neologisms do not just reflect the everyday picture of the world, they help the listener to understand the historical and social context in which the heroes of the work are located.

the article examines the era of New Hollywood, the transformation of film production in the USA in the 1970s. It is determined that new processes associated with the transformation of the film production system taking into account the needs of all participants (audiences, actors, directors, screenwriters), focus on self-expression, disclosure of social problems of society, were called "New Hollywood", which existed for less than 15 years. It is noted that if classical cinema was focused on showing films for evening leisure, then New Hollywood was addressed to American problems: the creators of large film studios formed the American dream, the ideal image of the country. It was revealed that the works of young directors were characterized by the author's directorial freedom, aesthetic solutions that allowed them to reach different audiences. It is noted that classical cinema was characterized by a stable genre system, a clear narrative formula, simplicity and elegance of narration. However, the influence of auteur cinema and mass rebellion led to the fact that young directors began to move away from the classics: goals and moral positions ceased to be clear and distinct, and actions began to be unmotivated and accompanied by scenes of violence.

the study of the multifaceted phenomenon of political communication in the context of the transformation of political processes in the era of globalization, on the one hand, requires an analysis of the factors influencing it, and on the other hand, a detailed study of the reverse influence of political processes on the implementation of linguistic means in political communication and the communicative activities of communication subjects. For the political elites of any state, it is important to correctly and adequately construct and structure speech, select words, which implies the successful formation of public opinion needed by politicians, the development of a strategy to counter attempts at ideological influence from unfriendly forces. In the context of a global conflict-generating situation, politics is increasingly becoming an object of conceptualization using the components of the conceptual sphere of "war". Socially significant events of national and global scale have exacerbated the need for targeted informing of society, which implies not only the delivery of information to the audience, but also influencing the mass consciousness, which provoked an increase in scientific interest in the study of the mechanisms of influence, and sometimes manipulation of mass consciousness. Since one of the direct and effective elements of public opinion formation is military metaphors, the purpose of this work is to describe their cognitive bases and functional features based on the speeches of political leaders of the USA and Georgia. The choice of the narrative of politicians of these countries as the object of study is explained by the existing disagreements between these states and Russia.

humanity has been trying to solve the problem of influencing an individual's consciousness, beliefs, value system, and behavioral patterns with varying degrees of success for thousands of years. As well as to fight against such practices. Influence attempts have become especially intense with the emergence of the global information space, when a group of countries of the so-called "Collective West" literally turned out to be obsessed with the idea of fighting against Russia, adopting various information and communication technologies in attempt to manipulate of public consciousness through numerous history falsifications. The purpose of the present study rests in an attempt to offer a typological analysis of the terms and formative features of propaganda, information and cognitive warfare, the objectives of which are to create a pseudo-environment in the public consciousness. The article examines a number of fundamental works on the propaganda issue as being of fundamental importance for understanding tasks, methods and tools of such manipulation and influence. The aim is to attempt to conduct a comparative analysis of the objectives targets, and tools of the three above-mentioned influence practices: propaganda, information and cognitive warfare. The significance of the present research rests in the context of information and cognitive warfare of the 21st century, when "a person has been turned into both, a subject and object of information and psychological impact of destructive communication technologies" for military, political and socio-economic purposes [1]. Such influence attempts are often implemented through the media and various communication systems, which today they have a widespread presence on the Web, in social networks, etc. In this regard, the article studies a number of examples of the broadcast activities of the BBC World Service as one of the key instruments of the UK's foreign policy and the corporation's participation in special events (PSYOPs) as part of the cognitive war unleashed by the British establishment against modern Russia. The practical significance of the study is to identify and analyze the mechanisms of such manipulation attempts, which makes it possible to view the work of the mentioned media corporation as an instrument of political influence.

this paper examines the translations of W.S. Maugham's novel "The Moon and Sixpence" by Z.A. Vershinina (1928) and N. Man (1960) from the standpoint of equivalent transfer of metaphor from English into Russian. The author suggests evaluating the translations of these tropes from both linguistic and cognitive approaches, taking into account the use of image modifications by translators. The practical significance of the study is determined by the possibility of using re-metaphorization in the process of translating a trope, as well as preserving the original author's goals, while avoiding deformation of the original. The author sees the use of a comparative approach to the analysis of errors and distortions in the transfer of metaphors and figurative means of a work of art from one language to another within the diachronic aspect of translation as promising.

this article explores the potential of integrating chatbots powered by generative artificial intelligence into educational activities, with a specific focus on the instruction of the Russian language to university students in China. The study places particular emphasis on the development and application of such chatbots within the realm of language education. The article provides an in-depth examination of the concept of chatbots, elucidating both the positive and negative implications of their use in language pedagogy. The advantages of employing chatbots to enhance learners' linguistic skills, organize educational practices, and alleviate student anxiety are identified and discussed. Concurrently, the article acknowledges the potential drawbacks of incorporating chatbots into language learning, including the dissemination of inaccurate information, the risk of academic dishonesty, and the potential erosion of learners' cognitive and creative capacities. The practical applications of utilizing a generative AI chatbot in the context of teaching Russian to university students in the PRC are also examined. The article concludes that, notwithstanding its limitations, the chatbot represents a significant tool for optimizing teaching activities and enhancing the educational process, offering substantial potential for future development and refinement in language education.

the ambiguity of linguistic units is a consequence of the asymmetry between form and content and makes it necessary to analyze both internal relations and the patterns of functioning of these units in the communication process. Contextual analysis makes it possible to identify the conditions for the actualization of a particular grammatical meaning of the futurum in a matching type of context, while simultaneously highlighting relevant, favorable and neutral contexts. The juxtaposing type of context in the study is understood as a whole, cohesive sentence, a complex syntactic whole based on the opposition of the futurum form to another temporal form of the present or past tense, complemented by the opposition of minor actors of expression. The primary and secondary components of the compared utterance include equilex subjects. One of the favorable types of context contributing to the actualization of the temporal significance of the futurum I form is the context based on the opposition of the futurum form to the form of the present tense. The fact of using futurum in the case when the future tense is opposed to the present is often considered from the point of view of choosing futurum or presentation in a certain context, as well as synonymy and interchangeability of these forms. The article focuses on the possibility of using futurum forms in the modal meaning of a sentence in a comparative context. The purpose of the study is to identify cases of usage in the context of, along with the forms of futurum I-II in the temporal meaning of the future, the forms of futurum in the modal hypothetical meaning.

the scientific article is devoted to the study of the image of higher education institutions of China in English-language online resources. In the context of the process of globalization of higher education, as well as the rapidly growing competition between higher education institutions of different countries, the process of forming a positive image is the main factor for attracting students, including scientists, and partners. In addition, this study analyzes in detail the content of various platforms, which include academic sites, social communities to identify important topics, including stereotypes and general perception of higher education institutions in China. The results of the study can be used for developers of online platforms of higher education institutions, as well as the administration of higher education institutions in China. In addition, the results may contribute to a deeper understanding of the aspects that in this case seem important to adjust in order to make higher education in China more attractive.

the article reveals an actual problem of identifying false information in the media using linguistic markers on the example of the Chinese experience. The research goal is to systematize the most frequently used linguistic markers of false information in the Chinese media using an expert survey media to identify false information, as well as to process the results with the help of a statistical program. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach. Within the framework of this approach, the formal logical analysis, synthesis, generalization and systematization were applied. In the empirical part of the study, special methods were also used: historiographical analysis of scientific literature on the topic under study; method of expert assessments (survey); a method of quantitative statistical analysis of the frequency of linguistic markers of false information. Based on the results, the following conclusions were formulated: linguistic markers act as a kind of indicators that allow you to analyze how information is presented and how it affects the reader’s perception. In Chinese media in particular, indicators such as emotional language, manipulative constructs, and biased selection of facts are reliable indicators for determining the credibility of information.

the aim of the study devoted to the problem of the sound organization of the poetic text and presented in this article is to identify the functional potential of alliteration and assonance within the limits of poetic discourse. Based on the analysis of the theoretical literature on the issues discussed in the paper, a conclusion is drawn about the multifunctional nature of sound echoes in the poetic text. Based on the analysis of the theoretical literature on the issues discussed in the paper, a conclusion about the multifunctional nature of sound echoes in the poetic text is drawn. The texts of poetic works by English-language poets, representatives of American Romanticism of the 19th century, G. Melville, G.W. Longfellow and W.G. Simms, are used as material for the analysis of the considered phonetic techniques. To solve the tasks set in the work, a number of methods were used: a survey-analytical method to process theoretical literature on the problem under study, the method of continuous sampling to select the factual material for analysis, as well as elements of linguostylistic and interpretative hermeneutical methods to analyse the observed linguistic phenomena. The conducted research, confirming the ability of sound repetitions to fill the text with additional meanings and associative images, indicates their ability to expand the meaningful and semantic space of a poetic work and act as explicators of the author's position due to the specifics of the artist's worldview of the word. The results of the analysis of empirical material allow us to conclude that the phonetic level of the organization of the poetic text correlates with the specifics of the individual author's worldview.

the aim of this article is to analyze the peculiarities of indirect illocution in speech acts of gratitude in the Vietnamese language in comparison with Russian. This includes identifying structural and pragmatic differences, as well as determining the main models of expressing gratitude through various types of speech acts in Vietnamese and Russian. The study examines the theoretical foundations of the speech act of gratitude and its classification, explores the features of indirect illocution, conducts a comparative analysis of ways to express gratitude in the given languages, identifies the main types of speech acts used for expressing gratitude, and proposes their classification. The importance of studying the phenomenon of gratitude lies in the need for an accurate understanding and interpretation of indirect speech acts of gratitude, which contributes to more effective communication and reduces the likelihood of intercultural misunderstandings. The scientific novelty of the study consists in identifying and systematizing the structural and pragmatic characteristics of indirect speech acts of gratitude, classified according to the type of primary speech act through which they are realized. The research has shown that both Vietnamese and Russian employ a specific range of strategies for expressing gratitude, including speech acts of request, assertion, compliment, question, etc. The analysis demonstrated that, depending on the communicative context, gratitude can take the form of an indirect speech act, influenced by cultural and social factors. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the pragmatic specificity of indirect speech acts in Vietnamese and Russian in general, and speech acts of gratitude in particular.

the development of high-quality training for future specialists is the central goal of higher education. Students' physical fitness and health play a crucial role in achieving this goal. However, a significant problem lies in the fact that many incoming students have insufficient physical health. This paper examines the methodology of organizing training sessions for students of a special medical group using the example of St. Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation. The main objectives of this task are an in-depth analysis of the educational process organization system in the course of pedagogical research and the creation of innovative methods for developing students' physical potential, including developing an approach for those who have been enrolled in a special medical group, taking into account their individual health conditions. It also assumed a comprehensive assessment of the degree of physical fitness of this group of students. The medical and biological aspects concerning university students belonging to the so-called "health groups" are discussed. The method of conducting classes is described, aimed at the exchange of experience and the formation of a common component of various means and forms of physical rehabilitation using recreational physical culture in the framework of physical education at the university. The key aspects contributing to achieving the full health-improving effect of physical culture and sports are the correct selection and rational dosage of physical exercise, as well as minimizing risk factors contributing to physical overexertion. Attention is also focused on the comprehensive use of primary prevention and recovery tools. The article discusses the concept of a special medical group, its features and the importance of implementing this practice to improve the health of students. In addition, the key obstacles to the introduction of a special medical group are highlighted – low motivation of students, limited resources of study time and organizational difficulties. Despite the existing barriers, the indisputable role in the so-called "health groups" and their importance in improving the overall health of students and their psychological state is emphasized.

the article reveals an actual problem of the influence of teaching conditions on the process of teaching music to Chinese students within the framework of Russian basic music education (on the example of music schools and colleges). The research goal is to identify the main pedagogical conditions, the implementation of which has a positive effect on the teaching of music to Chinese students in Russian music colleges. Research objectives are: to identify the main approaches to music education in Russia; in conducting an empirical study among teachers of leading Russian music schools, as well as in systematizing the results obtained. The methodology consists of the methods of the general scientific group (analysis, synthesis, formal-logical method). Special methods were also used in the work: historiographical analysis of the scientific discourse of the topic; method of expert assessments, method of statistical analysis. The following results were obtained: the determining factors for the success of teaching Chinese students are such conditions as the level of qualification of teachers, teaching methods, the degree of socio-cultural adaptation of students to the Russian system of music education, as well as the level of overcoming the language barrier in communication between the teacher and students.

the purpose of this study is to determine how professional development affects job satisfaction of teachers. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that for the first time the importance of professional development as a factor in determining job satisfaction is proven. Higher education teachers must meet the high demands of modern students, and the relationship between their professional development and job satisfaction is crucial for increasing their motivation to work and the quality of education. This article examines the paths of professional development of higher education teachers and their impact on job satisfaction. By analyzing the work environment of teachers, work-related stress and professional burnout, the study explains how professional development directly affects job satisfaction of teachers and offers specific strategies for improving professional achievements. This study presents a theoretical basis and practical recommendations for improving job satisfaction and professional development of higher education teachers. As a result, it has been proven that professional development and a sense of job satisfaction can be ensured by: 1) providing opportunities for regular professional development, organizing seminars and inter-university exchanges; 2) ensuring career development at different stages as an opportunity for each teacher to improve in accordance with their own pace and needs; 3) introducing a mentoring system or support for young people by the university management as a guarantee of continuity and transfer of experience.

this study examines the fundamental aspects of the formation of professional qualifications among future teachers in the field of physical education and sports, paying special attention to the development of awareness of their own role as a specialist in this field. The published data reveal a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for students' choice of profession, as well as diverse motivational groups that contribute to the formation of professional self-awareness in the context of physical education and sports. The central categories, goals, objectives and principles of this discipline are highlighted. In addition, an in-depth examination of various approaches to teaching is carried out from the point of view of student teachers, including the structure of the educational process and its organizational forms and methods.

the scientific work analyzes the role of physical education in the process of forming physical qualities in students of higher educational institutions, the author of the scientific work determines the main aspects that influence the process of developing physical abilities, including the importance of physical activity in the learning process. The scientific work also analyzes modern methodological approaches to the process of organizing classes in this discipline, as well as the influence of physical education on the general health and physical fitness of students. Conclusion: the study demonstrated that regular sports training improves both the physical fitness of an individual and affects his health, helping to reduce stress levels, and increases activity in daily activities and studies.

this article examines the historical evolution of the accompanist's role in academic musical tradition. Initially, the accompanist served a supportive function, limited to the technical accompaniment of a soloist or ensemble. However, in the 20th and 21st centuries, this role has transformed into an equal creative partnership, requiring active participation in the interpretation of works. The article analyzes changes in compositional techniques, the increasing complexity of accompanying parts, and the development of pedagogical approaches that have contributed to this transformation. Particular attention is given to modern methods of training accompanists, aimed at developing interpretative and communicative skills, as well as practical aspects of their activities across various genres. The professional challenges faced by accompanists in contemporary settings and the prospects for the development of this profession are discussed.

the research on text readability in the field of international Chinese education adopts the method of quantitative analysis of texts, calculates the difficulty coefficient of texts, and reflects the difficulty level of texts through objective numerical values. The main methods include quantitative analysis of elements, readability formula method, and feature based machine learning method. Quantitative analysis method is used to screen text feature elements and quantify them, and the difficulty values of each element are added or the comprehensive difficulty coefficient is calculated using the readability formula to evaluate the difficulty of the text; The readability formula method takes the learner's cloze test score as the dependent variable and the text feature factors that affect the readability of the text as the independent variables. Multiple regression analysis is used to establish a multiple regression equation; The feature based machine learning method characterizes text features that affect readability as relevant data and establishes mathematical models using classification methods such as support vector machines. Through our analysis, it has been found that existing research mainly focuses on the text readability of middle and intermediate level Chinese language textbooks for foreigners, often selecting quantifiable text feature factors. The measurement of text readability is mainly carried out through formula methods, lacking research on text readability from an interdisciplinary perspective. Future research should focus on the text readability of advanced Chinese as a foreign language textbooks, improve the measurement methods for text readability, and include factors such as learners, learning environment, and cultural background in the measurement scope. Qualitative research methods should be used to examine text feature factors that are difficult to quantify, and interdisciplinary research should be conducted in conjunction with disciplines such as computers and artificial intelligence.

the purpose of this study is to determine the possibilities of integrating entrepreneurial skills training into the system of higher education.The scientific novelty lies in the fact that the possibility and necessity of integrating entrepreneurial skills training into professional education has been proven and clearly confirmed. Innovative and entrepreneurial education is an important means of stimulating the innovative and entrepreneurial spirit of higher education institutions, as well as improving the professional qualities and motivation of students. This article analyzes the problems and tasks of integrating professional and innovative, entrepreneurial education in higher education institutions in three aspects: 1) value connotation; 2) the system of innovative and entrepreneurial education; 3) practical educational base - using the experience of China as an example. Based on the current practice of reforming innovative and entrepreneurial education in higher education institutions, the article considers the practical possibilities of integrating professional and innovative, entrepreneurial education in higher education institutions. As a result, the analysis of the experience of Chinese universities has proven that it is necessary to strive to create an "environment" of entrepreneurship and innovation through the integration of industry and education and meet the needs of the "industrial chain". Relying on local industrial parks, key industries, research institutes, and enterprises, universities should develop the practice of introducing basic departments in enterprises, organizing practical training laboratories, industry research platforms, entrepreneurship and innovation practice centers, and entrepreneurial project incubators to create a demand-oriented model of teaching practice.

the aim of the study is to identify ways to form a health culture in older preschool children based on national health-saving technologies. In the article, the authors consider the educational function of using the traditions and customs of the people in the formation of a health culture in preschool age. Children's health depends on many factors, including the health of parents, the environmental situation, the social development of the region, medical institutions, etc. The article touches upon the traditions and customs of the Sakha people in the process of organizing and maintaining the health education of a preschool child. Early and preschool age acts as the most prosperous period of self-awareness, the formation of the concept of who I am, what nationality, who we call healthy, and how to protect our health. The first years of life, the child's close environment gives a complete picture of the correct attitude towards oneself, others, and society. The result of the formation of a culture of children's health is the joint work of all participants in education, society, and society. The novelty of the research is the study of the theoretical foundations of the formation of a health culture for preschool children based on the application of folk traditions and customs of the Sakha people. A value-based attitude to one's health, observance of folk traditions and customs begins to form in the family and remains as the basis for life. As a result of the research, methods and forms of organizing work with children on health care based on the use of Yakut folk traditions as the organization of proper nutrition, the use of folk outdoor and board games, fairy tale therapy are revealed.

the article considers the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in assessing the quality of learning and student development in the education system. An analysis of existing approaches to assessment, traditional and modern methods is conducted, and the possibilities and advantages of using AI in this area are considered. The results of the analysis were the identification of areas of AI use in assessment (automatic checking of assignments, personalization of learning, predicting academic performance, analyzing behavior in the online environment, virtual assistants), a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of various AI methods based on the OULAD dataset, as well as an overview of the current situation with the introduction of AI into educational practice in Russia. The importance of an integrated approach to the introduction of AI in education, taking into account both technical and ethical aspects, is emphasized.

the analysis of current problems of digitalization of pedagogical knowledge and its sections, in many ways, determined the discovery of still insufficiently studied issues related to the negative aspects of the above phenomenon abroad. When studying it in this regard, the dichotomous methodology is extremely productive, which initially assumes the presence of dialectical interaction of both the positive pole and its negative analogue for the object of study. The negative side of digitalization is information related to solving the problem of face recognition, recording individual information by technical devices, the emergence of fakes, hacking mobile phones, etc. The information obtained indicated systematic violations of human rights, which subsequently led to the development of repressive laws in countries such as: 1. USA, 2. Austria, 3. Great Britain, 4. Italy, 5. China, 6. France. Methods: The main methods of this publication are: formal-logical and classificatory, based on polychotomous mutually exclusive divisions of the most varied order for the object of study.

in modern education, the problem of stress and the general mental state of students due to various factors, including academic and social stress, is becoming especially relevant. This study analyzes the impact of regular yoga classes on stress levels and the general mental state of students. Based on modern theories of psychology and physiology, the study is an attempt to identify the effectiveness of yoga as a means of stress management and improving the mental well-being of students. The research methodology includes an analysis of changes in stress levels and the general mental state of students before and after the introduction of regular yoga classes into the educational process. The results of this study can contribute to the development of effective physical education programs for students aimed at improving their mental health and general well-being in the learning environment.

the article presents a comprehensive study of the problem of professional risk management in education based on the analysis of domestic and foreign experience. The relevance of the study is due to the need to improve the professional risk management system in Russian education, taking into account the best international practices. The key problems remain insufficient funding of educational institutions, the aging of the teaching staff, and the discrepancy between the training of specialists and the needs of the labor market. The purpose of this study is to analyze the world and domestic experience of professional risk management in education to develop recommendations for improving existing approaches. The main approaches to the organization of risk management in educational institutions are considered, key problems and features of the Russian risk management system are identified. Particular attention is paid to a comparative analysis of international practices and the possibilities of their adaptation to Russian conditions. Modern methods of assessing and minimizing professional risks, including the "five-step system" and the matrix method, are studied. The necessity of introducing a comprehensive approach to risk management integrated into all levels of the educational system is substantiated. Recommendations are proposed for improving the existing mechanisms for managing professional risks in the educational sphere, taking into account current challenges and requirements.

the article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the national musical style in his work. The main focus is on the interpretation of the cultural heritage of St. Petersburg and Leningrad, which Slonimsky reveals through musical images associated with literary texts by A. Blok, A. Akhmatova, M. Lermontov and A. Pushkin. Using the example of the vocal cycle “Five Romances based on A. Blok’s Poems” and the oratorio “Hour of Courage”, the author examines how the composer combines the traditions of Russian folk and European music to express philosophical, tragic and heroic themes. Slonimsky's work is shown as a unique example of the synthesis of national and world traditions, which plays an important role in the cultural history of Russia.

this article provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulatory framework and by-laws governing the content of higher education, with a special focus on the implementation of legal competencies at the higher education level in the Russian Federation. The author suggests a number of strategic measures aimed at optimizing the process of implementing the Federal State Educational Standard in the pedagogical areas of bachelor's degree training. These measures include the need to review the education quality assurance system to assess each competence at different stages of the educational process. In addition, it is proposed to integrate legal competencies of a universal and general professional nature within the framework of hotel disciplines. Based on the analysis of the practical implementation of legal competencies, a number of organizational proposals are being made to improve the quality of legal knowledge of future teachers.

the role of law enforcement agencies of the Russian Empire in the field of sanitary supervision and public hygiene is of significant scientific interest for understanding the evolution of state mechanisms for protecting public health. A retrospective analysis of police functions in the field of sanitary control allows us to trace the transformation of administrative approaches to ensuring the well-being of citizens, revealing the continuity between historical practices and modern methods of regulating public health. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role and functions of police officers in ensuring sanitation and hygiene in the Russian Empire. The significance of this research is enhanced by the fact that understanding the historical context helps to identify the roots of some modern challenges in the field of public hygiene and public health. During the Russian Empire, the police played a key role in the implementation of government reforms and policies aimed at improving the living conditions of the population, which is directly related to modern urban planning and municipal management practices.

this article is devoted to the issues of holding law enforcement officers accountable if they fail to comply with orders given by their boss. The purpose of the study is to resolve a number of issues raised in the doctrine and emerging in law enforcement based on the analysis of the provisions of criminal law. The result of the study was a proposal to supplement Article 286.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with an indication of the order, as well as a new note to the article. In addition, it is proposed to make some additions to the text of the resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.