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Introduction. The relevance of the study is due to the continuing significant role of parents at the stage of higher education in the context of the prolongation of the growing up period. The purpose of the work is to analyse the phenomenon of parental involvement in higher education, including the classification of its forms and the identification of key factors determining its intensity and specific characteristics.

Materials and Methods. The study used the results of a semi-structured interview of four students of the National Research Mordovia State University and their parents (one parent per student). The interviews were conducted in April – May 2025. The sample was formed according to the principle of targeted selection to ensure the maximum variety of educational paths and parenting styles. The data was analyzed using the thematic analysis.

Results. Four main forms of parental involvement during the university period have been identified and classified: emotional, financial support, control and supervision, participation in extracurricular activities. Three parenting styles have been identified that determine the nature and intensity of engagement: democratically protective, liberal (permissive), and democratic with elements of authoritarian control. It has been established that emotional support based on trust has the most positive effect on students' learning motivation and well-being. Mothers are more involved in the learning process than fathers. The key factor determining the activity of parents is the attitude towards education as a strategic resource.

Discussion and Conclusion. The classification of the forms of involvement and the analysis of influencing factors led to the conclusion that parental involvement remains an important resource for students during the university period. The nature and intensity of parental involvement are determined by the adopted parenting style, gender identity of the parent and their educational attitudes. The research results can be used to develop communication models between universities and families as well as to create methodological recommendations for constructive student support.

Introduction. Introduced in 1928, five-year plans for the development of the USSR national economy, became a key instrument of the state economic policy. Studying the experience of Soviet planning enable modern economists and historians to analyze the effectiveness of various models of economic development. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of five-year plans on industrialization, social sphere, and living standards.

Materials and Methods. The archival data of the USSR State Planning Committee, statistical reports, and memoirs of Soviet leaders are analyzed. The methods of historical analysis, comparative analysis and statistical processing of data are applied. The study covers both achievements and problems associated with the implementation of five-year plans, including disproportions in the development of industries and social consequences.

Results. The analysis shows that five-year plans enabled the USSR to transform itself from an agrarian country into an industrial power in the shortest possible time. The first five-year plan (1928-1932) ensured the creation of new industrial centers such as Magnitogorsk and Kuzbass, and also gave impetus to the development of heavy industry.

Discussion and Conclusion. The five-year plans accelerated industrial growth and strengthened the country's defense capability, especially in the pre-war and post-war years. However, excessive centralization and focus on quantitative indicators have led to economic imbalances, lower living standards and social tension. The five-year plans became an important experiment in state planning by having an impact on the Soviet economy and its place in world history. The materials of the article can be useful for further research and preparation for practical history classes for students of all levels of education.

Introduction. Modern linguistics shows a great interest in discourse analysis of rap lyrics as a marker of cultural and language dynamics. American rap lyrics is currently in the focus of song lyrics studies due to its dominant status in the global rap culture. The aim of the study is to reveal the vocabulary features of American rap lyrics of the XXI century and define the pragmatic intentions of the rap singers.

Materials and Methods. The study material included the rap lyrics by popular American rappers of the XXI century. The number of analyzed lyrics totalled 20 rap songs. The method of content analysis, classification of lexical units, pragmatic analysis were used.

Results. The classification of lexical units frequently used in modern American rap lyrics was developed, which includes slang, obscene vocabulary, abbreviations, metaphors, name-dropping, phrasal verbs and idioms. The thematic groups of the lexical units were defined. The analysis of rap lyrics by Kendrick Lamar and Cardi B showed the differences in their vocabulary choices and pragmatics of the vocabulary use revealing individual stylistic preferences of the rappers.

Discussion and Conclusion. The study expands scientific knowledge of the lexical and semantic features of English-language rap lyrics and demonstrates how vocabulary choices can show pragmatic intentions of the rappers. The study results can be useful for further studies of English-language rap lyrics in the framework of gender linguistics, cultural linguistics, sociolinguistics.

Introduction. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is an important cellulose derivative widely used in various industries. The aim of the study is to develop a method for synthesizing HPMC from industrial hemp cellulose, which is a renewable and cost‑effective raw material.

Materials and Methods. The study used samples of cellulose‑containing hemp shive and industrially produced chemical reagents without additional purification. The synthesis was carried out in a heterogeneous medium of toluene/isopropanol. The product was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on nuclei ¹H and ¹³C. The viscosity of 2 % aqueous solutions was determined using a Brookfield viscometer.

Results. The synthesis of HPMC from pre‑dried hemp shive was successfully accomplished. The degree of methylation (DS) and hydroxypropylation (MS) was determined by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy data confirmed the formation of cellulose ether. The dynamic viscosity of the obtained samples for 2 % aqueous solutions ranged from 35 to 58 Pa · s.

Discussion and Conclusion. The developed method demonstrates the possibility of efficiently producing HPMC from renewable hemp raw material under laboratory conditions. The process is reproducible and controllable, with the yield of the target product ranging from 76 to 81 %.

Introduction. Vacuum piston type dough dividing machines are widely used in the bakery industry for batching dough blanks. However, their technical documentation lacks criteria for assessing the ultimate state. The aim of the study is to determine the criterion of the ultimate state and the method for finding its value when evaluating the technical condition of vacuum-piston type dough dividing machines.

Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on a TD-4 machine using Foodline WP 32 oil. Oil consumption was measured using scales and a specially designed device. Experiments involved processing 300 dough pieces weighing 500 g.

Results. The indicator of food oil consumption is defined as the evaluation criterion. According to the data obtained, the optimal oil consumption ranges from 320-350 ml per 1,000 units of production (production cycles). To maintain this flow rate, the upper throttles must be opened for three turns, and the side throttles for two turns. At the beginning of the process, oil consumption increases through the upper chokes, and when ten opening revolutions are reached, through the side chokes. The scheme of the device for measuring oil consumption has been designed.

Discussion and Conclusion. It is shown that the consumption of food oil is a diagnostic criterion for the parts wear. To temporarily compensate for the parts wear, a short-term increase in the oil supply from the pump to the maximum value is carried out by opening the throttles. Timely monitoring helps to extend the equipment service life. The proposed methodology can be used by technical service enterprises.

Introduction. The relevance of this study is due to the increasing incidence of ophthalmological pathologies in pregnant women, which impact pregnancy and delivery management. Early diagnosis of such conditions allows for the adjustment of obstetric strategies, reducing risks for both mother and fetus. The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics and pattern of ophthalmological diseases in pregnant women from 2021 to 2024.

Materials and Methods. The study is based on an analysis of 7,265 medical records of pregnant women observed at the Perinatal Center of the Mordovia Republican Clinical Hospital. Each patient underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including visometry, refractometry, biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, and external examination of the ocular structures. Statistical data processing was performed in Microsoft Excel 2010, with the probability criterion calculated at a significance threshold of p < 0.05.

Results. The proportion of pregnant women with ophthalmological pathologies in 2021–2024 ranged from 71.6 to 80.9 %. The most common conditions were myopia and retinal angiopathies. A steady increase in the detection of myopia was noted, while the number of angiopathies remained relatively stable (400–500 cases annually).

Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results highlight the need for systematic ophthalmological monitoring of pregnant women, especially in those with high myopia and angiopathies indicating a risk of preeclampsia. Regular examinations can reduce the risk of perinatal complications. The study results will be useful for obstetricians/gynecologists and ophthalmologists in the care of pregnant patients.