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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Ogarev-online</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Ogarev-online</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Огарёв-online</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2311-2468</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">National Research Mordovia State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">316588</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15507/2311-2468.013.202504.411-422</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">oxfqaw</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Technical Sciences</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Технические науки</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Low-cost Hydroponic Cell with Microcontroller Reintegration to Programmable Logic Controller</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Низкозатратная гидропонная ячейка с реинтеграцией микроконтроллера к программируемому логическому контроллеру</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5534-6346</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4888-1520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bobrov</surname><given-names>Maksim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бобров</surname><given-names>Максим Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci (Eng.), Associate Professor at the Chair of Electronics and Electrical Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры электроники и электротехники </p></bio><email>bobrovma92@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3506-1847</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4661-4167</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezborodov</surname><given-names>Egor S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Безбородов</surname><given-names>Егор Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Lecturer at the Chair of Electronics and Electrical Engineering</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Аспирант, преподаватель кафедры электроники и электротехники</p></bio><email>egor.bez-off@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Mordovia State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Мордовский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>411</fpage><lpage>422</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-02"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-06"><day>06</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Bobrov M.A., Bezborodov E.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Бобров М.А., Безбородов Е.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bobrov M.A., Bezborodov E.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бобров М.А., Безбородов Е.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ogarev-online.ru/2311-2468/article/view/316588">https://ogarev-online.ru/2311-2468/article/view/316588</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. High start-up costs and excessive automation when implementing vertical farms and hydroponic systems increase the risk of project failure in the early stages. The aim of this study is to formalize and validate a stepwise methodology for transferring control of a hydroponic cell from a microcontroller to an industrial controller without loss of controllability or data, thereby maintaining low startup costs.</p> <p><bold>Materials and Methods</bold>. The prototype is a hydroponic cell operating a 2-hour/15-minute flood–drain cycle. The hardware includes an Iskra Mega microcontroller, peristaltic and air pumps, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) sensors, dimmable horticultural luminaires, and Modbus RTU over RS-485. Methods comprised laboratory experimentation, sensor calibration, event logging and auditing, stress testing of the communication bus, and modeling of online-takeover and offline-migration algorithms. pH/EC control loops were implemented with proportional-integral (PI) controllers using integrator anti-windup protection.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>. The scheduling was deterministic, with phase-switching errors &lt; 0.1 %. pH and EC settled within ≤12–15 minutes with low overshoot. The fraction of frames rejected by the CRC integrity check was low. The online takeover was executed within milliseconds without frame loss, while the offline migration correctly restored all monitoring trend plots.</p> <p><bold>Discussion and Conclusion</bold>. The feasibility of multi-stage transition from a microcontroller to industrial implementation is confirmed. The synchronization bus and address-based subroutine activation provide a seamless handover and preserve data integrity. Economically, the microcontroller is justified for 1–3 cells, whereas industrial controllers are preferable for ≥ 6–12 cells. The results are useful for industrial automation and control system (IACS) integrators and vertical-farm developers, offering step-by-step procedures for online/offline reintegration, requirements for bus/addressing, and criteria for transitioning to industrial implementation when scaling the system.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Высокие стартовые затраты и избыточная автоматизация при внедрении вертикальных ферм и гидропонных систем повышают риск неудачи проектов на ранних этапах. Цель исследования – формализовать и верифицировать методику поэтапного перехода управления ячейкой от микроконтроллера к промышленному контроллеру без потерь управляемости и данных, обеспечивающую низкие стартовые затраты.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Прототип – одна гидропонная ячейка с циклом «затопление – осушение» (2 ч / 15 мин). Аппаратная часть: плата Iskra Mega, перистальтические и воздушные насосы, датчики водородного показателя и электропроводности, управляемые фитолампы, а также коммуникационный протокол Modbus RTU на базе интерфейса RS-485. Методы: лабораторный эксперимент, калибровка измерительных каналов, протоколирование и аудит событий, нагрузочные испытания шины связи, моделирование алгоритмов онлайн-перехвата и офлайн-миграции управляющих воздействий. Контуры поддержания водородного показателя и электропроводности реализованы на пропорционально-интегральных регуляторах с защитой от насыщения интегратора.</p> <p><bold>Результаты исследования</bold>. Результаты показали детерминированность расписания с ошибкой переключения фаз &lt; 0,1 %. Время установления pH/EC – не более 12–15 мин, перерегулирование незначительное. Доля кадров, отвергнутых по CRC, – низкая. Онлайн-перехват осуществляется за миллисекунды без пропусков кадров. Офлайн-миграция корректно восстанавливает графики.</p> <p><bold>Обсуждение и заключение</bold>. Подтверждена работоспособность многоступенчатого перехода от микроконтроллера к общепромышленному исполнению. Шина синхронизации и адресная активация подпрограмм обеспечивают бесшовный переход и целостность данных. Экономически микроконтроллер оправдан при 1–3 ячейках; промышленные контроллеры – при 6–12 ячейках и более. Результаты исследования представляют практическую ценность для интеграторов автоматизированных систем управления технологическими процессами и разработчиков вертикальных ферм. Данные позволяют применять пошаговые процедуры онлайн- и офлайн-реинтеграции, учитывать требования к шине и адресации, а также использовать обоснованные критерии перехода к промышленному исполнению при масштабировании системы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hydroponics</kwd><kwd>vertical farming</kwd><kwd>control reintegration</kwd><kwd>microcontroller</kwd><kwd>programmable logic controller</kwd><kwd>flooding</kwd><kwd>drainage</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гидропоника</kwd><kwd>вертикальная ферма</kwd><kwd>реинтеграция управления</kwd><kwd>микроконтроллер</kwd><kwd>программируемый логический контроллер</kwd><kwd>затопление</kwd><kwd>осушение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке внутривузовского научного гранта в области гуманитарных, естественных и инженерно-технических наук ФГБОУ ВО "МГУ им. Н.П. Огарёва" 2025 года (Приоритет 2030).</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The research was carried out with the financial support of the intra-university scientific grant in the field of humanities, natural, and engineering sciences of the Mordovia State University 2025 (Priority 2030).</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>НИР ГБ 25-22-НП</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harbinson J., Taylor C.R. Perspectives on the Current State of Vertical Farming. EMBO Reports. 2025;26(16):3982–3990. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44319-025-00518-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harbinson J., Taylor C. R. Perspectives on the Current State of Vertical Farming // EMBO Reports. 2025. Vol. 26, issue 16. 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