No 6 (2025)

the purpose of the article is to study the chronotope of the war and the related motif of lost childhood in H. B?ll's stories «Stranger, Bear Word to the Spartans We...», «The Baleks Scales », to identify individual authorial features and artistic means of expressing the spatial model in the writer's works. The conducted research has shown that a distinctive feature of the chronotope is its time plan, which reveals a live stream of time (war and post-war). The interpretative analysis reveals the chronotope in the form of a number of binary oppositions: present / past, peacetime / wartime, movement / immobility, limitation / boundlessness, etc., which represent the structural basis for building the artistic whole of the writer's stories and help express the conflict between the worlds depicted in them – the world of the main character, a child soldier. and its antagonists are the «others». The chronotope in the writer's stories is also revealed as a means of understanding the most important morals.

the article examines a speaker from the point of view of his representation in the case system of nominative and ergative languages. The problem lies in the fact that for an adequate identical translation of the text, it is impossible to circumvent the problem of morphosyntactic representation of names (for example, pronominal nouns or other substantive names) of differently structured languages. The three cases of the name, qualified as nuclear in the Ingush language, represent three personal pronouns of the first person, two of which are indifferent to the structure of the Russian language. In the grammar of the nominative language, only one personal pronoun of the first person singular, the nominative case, is functional. Such names in the sentence structure perform the function of a subject, which is shifterically represented in the structure of an ergative language, unlike the person speaking the nominative Russian language. It is important for us to explore the ambiguity of the functioning of the three personal pronouns as deixis with the status of "first person" with an excursion into the diachrony of language. In translation, it is important to understand why in the Russian language there is one I ‘ego’, expressed by the personal pronoun of the first person of the singular in the nominative case, and in ergative Ingush (the language of translation) there are three ‘I’. Substantiation of the difference in the functioning of the nuclear case of genetically unrelated languages is necessary in order to mechanically recognize them in the context of translation activities.

this article analyzes the linguocultural and country studies of the Irish folk ballad “Dunlavin Green”. The ballad belongs to the genre of patriotic ballads, which became popular in Ireland since the XVI century and describes the tragic events of the Irish rebellion of 1798. The work conveys the emotional state and political moods of the people who lived in this historical era. Such significant events can not but imprint on literary works, which in one way or another translate the national worldview of a certain synchronous cut. The ballad genre is susceptible to the changes taking place in society, as it, due to its peculiarities, transmits social, political, historical and cultural traditions and describes the events to the listeners with the purpose of further transmission through generations. The ballad “Dunlavin Green” is an example of reflecting not only historical events, but also contains the experiences of the lyrical hero on whose behalf the narrative is told. This article provides a brief historical background and linguocultural analysis of the work. The author of this study has also made a linguistic translation of the ballad into Russian. The conclusion contains the conclusions that were obtained after studying the empirical material. The materials of this work can be used in pedagogical activities in the framework of courses on foreign literature and country studies.

the article is a comprehensive analysis on the study of terminology in the field of gold mining, relevant to a wide range of specialists and researchers. The work focuses on the importance of proper understanding and application of terms that play a key role in ensuring effective communication and professional interaction at both the national and international levels. The study covers historical aspects of the origin and evolution of key terms used in gold mining. The authors examine in detail the specifics of the application of the terminological framework in international practice, emphasizing the need to understand cultural and linguistic nuances. The paper presents examples of typical errors in translation and interpretation of terms that occur due to differences in language. These observations emphasize the need for cross-cultural competence and professional adaptation of terms to ensure impeccable communication.

the native Lak stock has also been significantly replenished due to new formations that have arisen on the basis of borrowed words. The foundation of native words consists of words belonging to a wide variety of thematic groups. The original Lak lexical units of common Dagestan origin are considered to be those Lak words that materially and semantically coincide with their correspondents in several or many Dagestan languages. Among the Lak words, which are genetically common with words of other Dagestan languages and probably originate from the Dagestan proto-language, lexical units of the most diverse content are presented. According to historical data, over a long period of their existence, the Laks entered into more or less prolonged economic, socio-political, cultural and military contacts with many peoples, in particular with ancient and later Iranians, Alans, Persians, Bulgars (Khazars), Kipchaks, Oguzes, Kumyks, Azerbaijanis, Crimean Tatars, Nogais and others. A significant place in the borrowed vocabulary of the Lak language is occupied by Turkisms – Bulgarian, Kumyk, Azerbaijani, as well as Turkish words, which is due to the fact that the Lak people's contacts with the Turkic-speaking world were the closest, most versatile and longest.

the article examines the use of verbal attractive elements in the Russian educational Internet environment. The relevance of the research is due to the growing role of online education and the need to create effective educational content. The aim of the work is to identify verbal tools that help increase student engagement and motivation using the example of Russian educational platforms. As part of this goal, lexical, stylistic, and grammatical tools were identified, as well as the features of the rhetoric of Russian Internet platforms. The research results allow us to identify general trends and specific techniques for creating an attractive online educational environment.

the article presents the results of a study of the oral speech of professional authors of late Soviet and modern Russian media communications. The comparison was carried out using an original method of pragmalinguistic analysis. It was shown that Soviet authors significantly more often used in their speech the author's syntagmas, occasionalisms, proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, catchphrases, aphorisms and other types of quotation, as well as words with a connotative meaning. At the same time, Soviet authors significantly less often allowed vulgarisms, officialisms, obscene vocabulary, speech errors, truisms and cliches in their speech. Thus, it was proven that speech patterns of the pre-digital era were generally better than modern ones. The modern norm of language proficiency among authors popular in the virtual environment is noticeably lower compared to the relatively high norm of the late Soviet media. The obtained results correlate with the indicators of the study of oral speech of the media of the designated eras – cinema and TV series. And also with data obtained by comparing the oral speech of late Soviet and modern young consumers of media content. This indicates that the speech models for imitation broadcast by the media determine the speech of the younger generation.

the presented work describes the style and language of the novel by the modern Russian writer Zakhar Prilepin "Some will not Go to Hell". In the process of scientific research, attention was focused on the features of the author's artistic style, on the elements of journalistic style, on the vivid means of artistic expression in the novel "Some will not Go to Hell". The features and differences of artistic and journalistic styles in the presented modern novel by Zakhar Prilepin are revealed. The article discusses the principles of constructing a literary text in a novel, the elements of journalism, as one of the genres of Russian literature. It has been established that the novel is very rich in a huge number of linguistic resources and artistic techniques. The following artistic means are considered and analyzed in the work: epithets, comparisons, chopped language, youth slang, jargons, professional terms.

this article identifies and examines ways to reproduce metaphors in two Russian-language translations of Douglas Adams' novel "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", made by Vladimir I. Bakanov in 1995 and Yuri E. Arinovich in 2022. Based on domestic works on translation studies, a classification of ways to reproduce metaphors in Russian translation was identified. Based on this classification, the most frequently used ways of translating metaphors in a novel into Russian were identified, as well as the reasons for choosing certain translation solutions and their impact on maintaining the degree of expressiveness of the original text were analyzed. The research methodology is presented by a review of scientific works of Russian researchers on the issue under discussion, descriptive, comparative methods, as well as the method of contextual analysis. The study highlights the difficulties faced by translators in conveying the author's style and metaphorical images in works of fiction, and its results can be useful in the field of theory and practice of translation, the study of the author's style and other works by Douglas Adams, as well as in teaching translation disciplines.

in this scientific article, the author examines the features of forming skills in future speech therapists to implement spiritual and moral education of students based on basic national values. The author analyzes the essence of spiritual and moral education as such, presents its constituent elements. Then the author examines the functionality of a speech therapist in this area, as well as the features of the formation of specialized competencies. In the conclusion of the scientific article, the author also notes that today the competencies of future speech therapists continue to develop and improve, in accordance with the new requirements of the modern state and society. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the preparation of a comprehensive study, the formation of the author's conclusions regarding the features of the formation of skills in future speech therapists to implement spiritual and moral education of students based on basic national values. This scientific article, therefore, will be useful to theorists, practitioners, students and faculty of the humanities and other areas of training, as well as a wider range of readers interested in the features of the formation of skills in future speech therapists to implement spiritual and moral education of students based on basic national values in the context of studying the problems of modern pedagogy in general.

the article analyzes the evolution of calligraphy as an important art form and its global spread. The main attention is paid to the issues of cultural heritage preservation, aesthetic education, professional application and educational programs. The aim of the article is to explore the historical and cultural significance of calligraphy in different traditions, to analyze the current trends in the popularization of calligraphic teaching. The objectives of the article are: 1) to evaluate the role of calligraphy as a tool for preserving cultural heritage and forming aesthetic taste; 2) to study the mechanisms of international expansion of calligraphic education, including digital platforms, international organizations, academic cooperation, printed products and social networks; 3) to emphasize the significance of calligraphy as a means of self-identification and artistic expression in the context of globalization; 4) to study the impact of calligraphy on the development of visual literacy and critical thinking in students. Practical significance: the article will be useful for education specialists, students of humanities and arts, as well as for a wide audience interested in the history and contemporary significance of calligraphy. It can also become an important resource for those who seek to better understand the significance of this art in the context of cultural and personal self-expression.

it is known that in sports swimming, different variants of the starting jump in swimming have been in the spotlight of specialists, coaches, and athletes for many years, since a well-executed start plays a key role in swimming the distance, especially at sprint distances. Over the past two decades, the starting jump in swimming has been repeatedly changed in technique. However, today, among highly qualified athletes, the track and field version of the starting jump (track start) is mainly used. However, the classical version (grab start) prevails in the initial training of young swimmers. In this regard, the article analyzes two variants of the starting jump (classic grab start, track and field track start). Biomechanical features were recorded when performing two start options (classic grab start, track and field track start) in children aged 7-9 years. The age-related dynamics of the kinematic parameters of the stratum in athletes at the initial stage has been revealed. It is interesting that with the help of a strain gauge platform with a pad, it became possible to register the support reaction of repulsion from behind a standing leg, but when performing a track start (track start), novice swimmers are able to perform an ineffective, but already two-support start of repulsion (with a foot standing behind on the pad and a foot standing in front with a grip on the front of the bedside table), which indicates the prospect of forming this starting option already in the initial training groups. The kinematic parameters were analyzed using the kinovea software.

the paper analyzes the degree of influence of Internet resources on the formation of physical activity among student youth. In pursuit of the goal of maintaining the health of students during their studies at the university, we evaluate the use of Internet resources by students with a health and sports focus from both sides: positive and negative. In the modern information space, Internet technologies provide great opportunities for self-improvement. Information about sports events, training complexes, methods and means of physical training can be found in the public domain on sports portals and Internet platforms. We consider how this affects the formation of physical activity in students, analyzing both the physical and psychological components. We study the impact of Internet content on the motivation of young people to engage in conscious and regular sports activities. Recognizing the undoubtedly important role of Internet resources, we assess the possible health risks of students from an ill-considered trusting attitude to unprofessional recommendations and training programs. Using survey and interview methods, we also analyzed the role of Internet resources in popularizing sports information among students and assessed the results of their use. The aim of the work was to determine the influence of web-resources on the formation of physical activity in students within the framework of a healthy lifestyle. Using observation, pedagogical and comparative analysis methods, we came to the conclusion about the need to educate students' critical attitude to the choice of Internet content related to physical education and sports. The results of the study contribute to the conscious use of digital content by students. This will help to avoid possible risks associated with an unprofessional approach to physical education and sports in the digital space.

the study and use of phrasal verbs is still a difficult and unsolved problem in the methodology of teaching English as a foreign language. The aim of this paper is to analyze lexical exercises aimed at developing lexical skills on phrasal verb usage. Quantitative data of English textbooks (EFL) show that exercises on phrasal verbs are divided into two groups: pre-textual and post-textual, with the frequency of the first group of exercises exceeding the second group by 1.5 times. Of the 85 exercises analyzed, 33 are classified as exercises in which students have to do some retrieval work – reconstruct the studied material from memory, and 52 are classified as ‘trial and error’ exercises. The latter are introduced without first providing relevant input to help learners with the gaps in their knowledge, students are expected to learn from feedback. According to the second criterion of analysis – matching two parts, exercises are divided into activities to match the form and meaning of a phrasal verb and exercises to form the phrasal verb combining a verb with an appropriate preposition. We believe that the quantitative analysis of exercises will help identify difficulties in mastering phrasal verbs, choose the right types of exercises and their number for effective work in teaching English phrasal verbs.

the presented article presents the results of a pedagogical experiment with the participation of cadets and students of the Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, which was conducted using educational quest tasks. The experiment was conducted in a specially equipped light and noise room using non-standard tasks, within the framework of which the formation of practical skills in the use of combat techniques of struggle in extreme conditions was checked. An educational quest is a kind of problem that is posed to participants, where they must complete educational tasks. Unlike educational problems, an educational quest has elements of a plot, a role-playing game associated with the search and discovery of information to solve educational problems, which uses the resources of a territory or information resources. The authors of the work have proven that the use of educational quests in physical training classes forms the skills of students in applying previously studied motor actions in extreme situations, as close as possible to the real conditions of detaining an offender who is actively resisting.

relevance: the article presents a technique for improving balance in rhythmic gymnastics, develops the basic principles of the technique and tools aimed at improving the quality of balance performance by taking into account neuromotor patterns and taking into account cognitive control. The key point in this technique will be the suppression of interference between motor programs (maintaining balance + manipulating the subject), as well as the resolution of cognitive conflict, which consists in focusing on the technique of performing static poses, combining control over musical accompaniment, the work of the subject and the artistic component through facial expressiveness. Materials and research methods: The main research methods were: analysis and generalization of scientific literature and regulatory documents, pedagogical testing. Results. The basic principles of the methodology are established: the principle of progressive load: it is the use of simple isolated static poses to complex tasks with cognitive load, the principle of dual tasks: it is the combination of balance exercises with cognitive tasks to train the suppression of interference, the principle of individualization: This takes into account the level of training, physical and cognitive abilities of the subjects, and the principle of feedback.: This is the use of biomechanical analysis and cognitive tests. Conclusion. The innovation of the developed methodology for improving balances in rhythmic gymnastics consists in diagnosing the initial level of balance, including exercises for various analytical systems in the training process, as well as a progressive increase in the complexity of exercises and the introduction of developed tools for regularly evaluating the performance of balances in rhythmic gymnastics. The theoretical basis of the methodology consists in two main concepts – neuromotor interference and cognitive conflict. Based on the data of the theoretical basis, a technique has been developed to improve balances in rhythmic gymnastics, which will ensure the adaptation of the nervous and muscular systems of gymnasts to solve the main problems in performing combined balances. The described technique will help to increase the level of technical readiness of gymnasts, as well as complement the training process with means to improve analyzer systems and support the testing program of gymnasts, diagnostics of the level of static and dynamic equilibria.

this article is devoted to home reading as an important component of the formation of socio-cultural competence among future specialists in the field of linguistics in the junior courses of study. The aim of the work is to find ways to form sociocultural competence (creating exercises for each of the three stages of working with an authentic text) within the framework of home reading in the process of learning a foreign language. The introduction provides a description of the phenomenon of "Home reading" and its role in the process of learning a foreign language. Next, the concept of "home reading" and its role in the formation of socio-cultural competence among students are considered. Then a detailed analysis is carried out and the main stages of working with the authentic text are described. Further, attention is focused on exercises for each of the stages of working with the text and solutions are proposed to the problems identified during practical work with students. In conclusion, based on the information collected and analyzed, appropriate conclusions are drawn. In the course of this research, the following methods are used: search for theoretical information, comparison, analysis of the context of the material, discursive analysis, as well as the development of interactive tasks and their application in practice.

the study is aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the introduction of chatbots in the field of continuing professional education. The purpose of the work is to analyze the theoretical foundations of automation in continuing professional education and test the hypothesis that chatbots can reduce the burden on employees and increase sales. The object of the study was the VKontakte community of the organization of additional professional education “Education Guide”. The methodology included a 12-month pre-project analysis, the implementation of a chatbot on the Senler platform, as well as a post-project analysis of the effectiveness of the implemented chatbot. Result: the process of automating user requests was implemented, data was collected on the number of user requests, the selection and purchase of additional education courses, based on the systematization and analysis of the results obtained, and the positive impact of the digital product on the company's activities was revealed. Conclusions: the conducted research showed the impact of chatbots on increasing the number of sales of courses in the field of additional education and reducing the burden on the company’s employees processing requests.

the article actualizes the problem of preparing pediatricians at the stage of training in residency to solve pedagogical problems in the process of professional activity. The significance of such issues is explained by the fact that it is such specialists who observe their patients from the moment of birth to the coming of age that are able to play an important role in shaping the attitude of the younger generation to their health. As a rule, pedagogical tasks are solved in the conditions of interaction with the patient at the reception, during consultation, examination, during treatment. The author of the article offers the results of an empirical study of the difficulties of interaction between pediatricians and patients, the overcoming of which will allow specialists to successfully solve the pedagogical problems of their professional activities. The aim of the study was to establish the difficulties of interaction between residents and patients. To achieve the goal, the tasks were set: to determine the level of residual knowledge of residents in the discipline "Psychology and Pedagogy" obtained at the pre-graduation stage of education, to find out the degree of their satisfaction with their readiness to interact with patients, to establish the attitude of residents to communication skills and to study their general communication tolerance. Understanding the difficulties of interaction of a pedagogical nature among pediatricians with patients will be the basis for changing the content of the educational discipline program "Pedagogy," using various techniques, tactics, methods, means in training that bring students as close as possible to the context of professional activity.

the article examines the important problem of deviant behavior among migrant adolescents against the background of globalization and migration processes. It examines the psychological characteristics of migrant adolescents, their difficulties in adapting to new cultural and social conditions, as well as the influence of these factors on the formation of deviant behavior. The socio-cultural and economic aspects that contribute to deviation, including social isolation and lack of support, are investigated. Special attention is paid to coping strategies used by adolescents in the process of adaptation, as well as the role of the educational environment in the formation of positive social skills and attitudes. The article highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to solving the problem, including the development of programs aimed at teaching adaptive strategies and supporting migrant minors. The obtained research results may be valuable for professionals in the field of psychology, pedagogy and social work, as well as.

the aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of applying the goal-setting system based on the SMART methodology in the physical rehabilitation of patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA). The introduction of the article substantiates the relevance of the problem of restoring motor activity in patients with prosthetic joints, noting that traditional rehabilitation techniques often do not take into account the individual characteristics of each patient and do not promote the achievement of the highest possible level of functional recovery. The research methodology was based on the use of a structured protocol in which rehabilitation goals were divided into specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound stages (SMART). The sample included patients aged between 50 and 75 years who had undergone THA as a result of osteoarthritis or traumatic injuries. The methodological approach included the development of personalized physical therapy programs, regular monitoring of progress through objective tests, and adjustment of the treatment plan based on the dynamics of recovery. The results of the study demonstrated a significant improvement in mobility, muscle strength, and functional independence of patients undergoing rehabilitation using the SMART system compared to the control group, which received standard rehabilitation. Statistical analysis showed a high level of significance in the differences (p < 0.05), confirming the hypothesis of the advantages of an individualized approach. The data obtained indicate that the use of SMART allows for the structuring of therapeutic goals and optimization of the operations in medical rehabilitation centers.

the problem of choosing forms of professional education of students in an institution of higher education can rightfully be called one of the most important in the pedagogy of higher education. This form of education at the Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University is a scientific conference that solves a whole range of problems, among which the first place is occupied by the tasks of professional education of students. The Faculty of Clinical Psychology - a division of the university - since its foundation in 2000 has supported and developed the tradition of students holding quarterly conferences of various types, including traditional scientific and practical conferences dedicated to Mother's Day, Psychologist's Day, educational motivation of subjects in the context of continuous education, as well as conferences illustrating various areas of scientific activity of the faculty's teaching staff. The author considers the preparation of students for the conference and their direct involvement in its implementation as a pedagogical technology, which certainly has enormous potential in the development of specialists in helping professions – speech therapists and defectologists. In the article, the author characterizes the pedagogical technology of preparation and implementation of a scientific conference devoted to the issues of inclusive education in a modern school, as a form of professional education of first-year students of the special (defectological) education department of the faculty of clinical psychology, and interprets its results. The aim of the study was to develop a pedagogical technology for preparing and holding a scientific conference as a form of professional education for first-year students of the special (defectological) education department and the subsequent analysis of the conference results. The study period was from mid-April to the end of May of the 2024-2025 academic year. The results indicate that the majority of students' responses – 29 people (74.4%) – тtestified that the content, structure and form of the conference evoked a positive emotional response in them, indicating their satisfaction with this form of working with them. A small number of participants – 6 people (15.4%) – were not entirely satisfied with the conference, since it did not include issues of clinical psychology. One person (2.6%) stood out from the group of respondents, who noted that he was not interested in delving deeply into the content of the conference, since he did not intend to work in an inclusive education environment, therefore, in his opinion, he could only give it an unsatisfactory assessment. Another 3 people (7.7%) find it difficult to assess both the content and the form of work with the audience, as they have no standard for comparison. In their opinion, satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the conference should be demonstrated by those who took an active part in it; potentially, they would not participate in the conference, as this is associated with the need to fulfill a number of requirements of the teacher, but they have not developed the appropriate learning skills. The results of the study allow us to determine tactics for professional education of students who lack the learning skills to complete teacher assignments, as well as those who are not interested in immersing themselves in the content of conferences, since they do not have a fully formed understanding of the scope of their professional activity.

the authors attempt to develop an innovative approach in foundation and creating pedagogical conditions for understanding the text generated in a neural network. In this context, it implies systematic work with the generated text, where the received message (the generated text) is perceived as true or false, requires analysis and comparison with the original text (the original source). The article outlines the problems of understanding the text, its comprehension, interpretation and text generation. The difficulties associated with textual activity are described. The text is considered from the point of view of a generator of meanings, a mechanism generating meanings, a capacitor of cultural memory. The stage-by-stage work with the text includes not only the disclosure of meaning, but also the obligatory interpretation of what has been read. The considered theoretical aspects of linguistic, psychological and literary analysis of the text and theoretical approaches to understanding (meaning) of the text allowed us to identify the key pedagogical conditions necessary in the process of working with the generated text. The study was conducted from the point of view of the semiotic approach and the ideas of pedagogical hermeneutics. The research material was: M. Tsvetaeva poem «Our Kingdoms»; generated texts (according to the author's requests) in the YandexGPT 5 neural network. The paper presents one of the options for working with the generated text using the example of its analysis and comparison with a work of fiction in the educational process of secondary and high schools.

this article is dedicated to studying the effectiveness of using the biofeedback (BFB) method in the comprehensive medical rehabilitation of patients after hip arthroplasty. The paper presents an overview of modern post-traumatic recovery methods, substantiating the need to integrate BFB for correcting motor disorders and improving rehabilitation outcomes. The “Introduction” section describes the relevance of the problem of post-operative rehabilitation in patients with hip arthroplasty, the growing number of such patients, and the limitations of traditional therapy methods. The novelty of using the biofeedback method to optimize neuromuscular regulation and enhance the quality of life of patients is justified. The “Methods” section details the clinical study in which patients who had undergone hip arthroplasty participated. Patients were divided into two groups: a control group that received a standard rehabilitation program, and the main group, which underwent an additional course of procedures using BFB. The focus was on assessing motor function, pain syndrome, and overall functional status using both objective and subjective diagnostic methods. The “Results” section presents the study’s data: the application of the BFB method showed a statistically significant improvement in motor activity, a reduction in pain syndrome, and an acceleration of joint functionality recovery. The results indicate that integrating BFB into the rehabilitation program contributes to a faster and more complete restoration of post-operative functions.

the article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the integrative methodology for developing spatial thinking in students of technical specialties in the context of digital transformation of education. The relevance of the study is due to the need to improve the training of future engineers in the era of active introduction of digital technologies into the educational process and the need to develop spatial thinking as a basic competence of technical specialists. The novelty lies in the development and experimental testing of a methodology based on the integration of traditional methods of teaching engineering graphics with modern digital technologies, including computer-aided design systems, three-dimensional modeling programs and interactive educational tools. The experimental study was conducted with the participation of first-year students of technical specialties. For diagnostics, a set of standardized methods was used, including the Bennett test, the "Kosa Cubes" technique and specially developed tasks on engineering graphics. Conclusions: the results demonstrate statistically significant differences between the groups. In the experimental group, the increase in spatial thinking indicators was 62.3%, which is more than twice the results of the control group (25.4%). The practical significance lies in the possibility of using the developed methodology to modernize the educational and methodological support of graphic disciplines in technical universities.