Vol 335, No 8 (2024)
Articles
Development of cement slurries with additives of nanoclay particles for the construction of oil wells at elevated temperatures
Abstract
Relevance. Strength decrease is a phenomenon that becomes more pronounced as the temperature rises above 110°C. It is characterized by significant chemical and microstructural changes that Portland cement undergoes at high temperatures. Adding silica particles (SiO2) to cement can significantly increase cement resistance to strength reduction when the temperature exceeds 110°C. Nanoclays are currently used in the cement industry to increase the strength of the cement matrix due to their ability to fill capillary micropores and due to their relatively small particle size.
Aim. To investigate the effect of adding nanoparticles (nanoclay) to Saudi grade G cement on compressive and tensile strength, and cement stone permeability under high temperature conditions (300°С).
Objects. Six samples of cement mortars with different concentrations of nanoclay, cement stones, tested after 7 and 28 days of hardening at 25 and 300°C.
Methods. Cement chemical composition was evaluated by the X-ray fluorescence method with the WORKSTN-V Olympus Vanta X-ray fluorescence analyzer. Cement physical composition was evaluated by the method of ray diffraction on the Mastersizer 2000 laser particle size analyzer. The test of the grouting stone samples was carried out in accordance with ISO 10426-2:2003 on a hydraulic press 65-L1132. The tensile strength of the samples by the Brazilian method was tested in accordance with ASTM D 3967-08 standard on a hydraulic press 65-L1132. The permeability of the samples was determined by single-phase stationary filtration at a facility for studying the filtration and capacitance properties of the PIK-OFP-UCH core in accordance with ISO 10426-2:2003.
Results. The data obtained showed that cement destruction at extremely high temperatures can be avoided by using nanoclay (up to 3% by weight of cement). The microstructure of the cement matrix was significantly affected due to the aggregation of nanoparticles when more than 3% of nanoclay was added. All rheological characteristics of the cement slurry were improved by the addition of nanoclay particles.
7-17
Sorption properties of the sorbent obtained by modifying aluminum oxyhydroxide with silver ions on model solutions
Abstract
Relevance. Nowadays water treatment technologies are universal. They consist of modules, the sequence of which may vary in the treatment scheme. It depends on the source of water supply and the purposes of treatment. The sorption purification stage is used in technology very oftеn. Sorption is used as the main stage of water treatment for treating wastewater. Also it is used as a post-treatment stage to obtain drinking water from natural sources. Stability of operation at different water temperatures, low cost, mechanical strength, possibility of regenerating sorbents and ease of use make the problem of modifying existing sorbents urgent to increase their selectivity and sorption capacity.
Aim. To investigate the adsorption mechanism and sorption capabilities of the sorbent obtained by modifying AlOOH with silver ions in relation to inorganic ions and organic substances.
Methods. X-ray phase analysis, method of thermal desorption of nitrogen, photocolorimetry, transmission electron microscopy.
Results and conclusions. The sorbent was obtained by modifying aluminum oxyhydroxide with silver ions in a solution of silver nitrate with a silver ion concentration of 0.22 wt %. The physicochemical properties of the resulting sorbent were studied by X-ray phase analysis, transmission electron microscopy and the method of thermal desorption of nitrogen. The authors have determined phase composition and specific surface area as well as sorption kinetic parameters. They obtained sorption isotherms of inorganic ions and organic substances on aluminum oxyhydroxide modified with silver ions. Sorption isotherms were processed in Langmuir and Freundlich coordinates. The study showed that the resulting sorbent can be used in groundwater treatment technologies characterized by increased concentrations of organic substances.
18-28
Efficient technology for manufacturing electrical ceramics from low-iron diopside rocks
Abstract
Relevance. The use of natural diopside CaMgSi2O6 in the production of ceramic dielectrics was implemented at two enterprises in the Chelyabinsk region in 1985 on the basis of comprehensive studies of diopside rocks of the Southern Baikal region by the team of the Department of Silicate Technology of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Natural diopside was used as an additive to the charge of electrical porcelain. In addition, ceramic dielectrics with a diopside crystalline phase were manufactured for exploitation at the frequencies of 106 Hz. Currently, the need for ceramic dielectrics in Russia is covered by imports. Though, the development of new technologies for ceramic dielectrics from domestic raw materials is relevant.
Aim. To develop an efficient technology for ceramic dielectrics with a diopside crystalline phase from natural low-iron diopside rocks. This technology includes the production of compacts of unfired products by moulding aqueous suspensions of compositions of nonplastic components.
Object. The technology of ceramic dielectrics with a diopside crystalline phase, including the firing of compacts formed from aqueous suspensions of diopside concentrate compositions with perlite as flux.
Methods. The suspension was obtained by grinding the components in an aqueous environment in a ball mill with uralite balls at humidity of 20±2%. Compressive and bending strength, electrical strength, dielectric constant of the samples were determined according to the SS 24409-80, water absorption was measured according to the SS 26093-84. X-ray phase analysis was carried out on a DRON-3M diffractometer (Burevestnik, Russia), structure analysis was implemented on a JSM 6000 electron microscope (Jeol, Japan).
Results. A distinctive feature of the proposed technology is the use of nonplastic components only to prepare the suspension and the exclusion of clay components. This makes it possible to reduce the humidity of the castings and stabilize the formation of the ceramic structure during firing. The authors have obtained ceramic dielectric with a diopside content of 70±2 wt % by firing products molded at 1130–1150°C. The bending strength reached 85–90 MPa with an electrical strength of 35–38 k V/mm2.
29-36
Geochemical criteria of the gold content of the Tom-Yaya interfluve weathering crusts
Abstract
Relevance. Gold-bearing weathering crusts are widespread in the Tom-Yaya interfluve, but the criteria for predicting their gold content, including geochemical ones, have not been adequately developed.
Aim. To identify the geochemical features of the weathering crusts of the Tom-Yaya interfluve to resolve issues of predicting their gold content.
Object. Weathering crusts from the rocks of the Paleozoic basement of the Tom-Yaya interfluve.
Methods. The chemical composition of weathering products was determined by ICP-mass spectrometry. Core samples of 36 wells for 20 elements were analyzed. The results obtained were processed in the statistical analysis software package Statistica. The main parameters of the distribution of chemical elements in the profiles of gold-bearing and non-gold-bearing weathering crusts were calculated, discriminant and factor analyzes were carried out.
Results. Statistically significant differences in the chemical composition of the weathering profile zones were established. In weathering of non-gold-bearing rocks, the removal of P, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn and the accumulation of Cr, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, Hf, Tl, Pb, Bi occur with the indifferent behavior of Au, As, Fe, Cu. Gold-bearing weathering crusts are formed in mineralized zones and are initially enriched in Au, As, W, Sb, and, to a lesser extent, Cu, Zn, Pb, Bi, Tl, Hf, Sn. The average content of gold and most satellite elements (except Pb) decreases during the weathering of mineralized zones, but the dispersion increases many times, as a result of which areas of secondary enrichment in gold and satellite elements Sb, As, Ag, Sn, Tl, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd, Bi appear within the zones of hydrolysis and hydration. Geochemical associations characteristic of residual weathering crusts are largely preserved in redeposited crusts, where As, Sb, W, Cd, Ag, Sn, and Hf are accumulated together with gold.
37-48
Comprehensive justification of the errors at hydraulic calculation of the reservoir pressure maintenance system
Abstract
Relevance. The need to determine the permissible errors of hydraulic calculations of surface pipelines of the reservoir pressure maintenance system. This must be done, among other things, due to changes in the properties of produced water. As a result of the transition of most fields to the late stages of development, the water content of the extracted products increases, the composition and properties of reservoir waters change due to the breakthrough of the injected water. These circumstances can lead to significant changes in the mineralization, composition and Ph of water, which must be taken into account in numerical modeling.
Aim. Creation of a nomogram for estimating the error in the course of changing the properties of produced water for numerical modeling of the operation of pressure pipelines of the reservoir pressure maintenance system.
Methods. Hydraulic calculations in the engineering process simulator software, analysis of the properties of produced water samples in the laboratory, assessment of the density of produced water samples in the PVTSim 20 software product.
Results. The studies were carried out on samples of produced water taken from seven wells. The value of salinity in the reservoir pressure maintenance system during the year varies from 247.85 to 327.79 g/dm3. The calculated density varies from 1188 to 1255 kg/m3. To calculate the pressure at the mouth of the injection well during water injection, samples with the highest, average and lowest density were taken. Analyzing the obtained data, a strong effect of water properties on the values of wellhead pressures is noticeable. On the basis of the conducted studies, a nomogram was created to determine the degree of influence of changes in water properties in the course of hydraulic calculation, taking into account the specific-injectivity index of injection wells and the length of pipelines.
Conclusion. In the course of numerical modeling, it is quite difficult to take into account all the parameters that affect the accuracy of the calculations obtained. To do this, it is proposed to use the created nomogram, which allows estimating the permissible errors of hydraulic calculation taking into account the variability of the properties of water sent to the reservoir pressure maintenance system.
49-55
Evaluation of stresses on the surface of production columns equipped with sand filters when downing into a horizontal well
Abstract
Relevance. The need to estimate the time of formation sand accumulation near the annulus of a horizontal well and the unit length of filter elements in the bottom of production strings and to determine the stresses on the surface of production strings equipped with sand filters when lowering into the well.
Aim. Based on a study of the reasons for the continued flow of sand into wells equipped with anti-sand filters, to develop and propose measures related to the need to choose a reduction in the number of filters that provide the design flow rate of a horizontal well or a significant increase in the length of the filtering surface of the filters in order to reduce erosive wear of the wire winding.
Objects. A well with a horizontal section, equipped with sand filters, the same size as the casing strings. It was assumed that the integrity of the surface of the filter elements would be preserved and the conditions for their destruction would be eliminated when lowering into the horizontal shaft. This presupposes the necessary efficient operation of the well throughout the entire operational period. The section of the first set of curvature and the forces arising during this are considered as well as stability of a pipe string during possible stops. Centralizers are evenly located along the length of the column, then in some sections we will have a multi-span statically indeterminate beam, in each section of which a radial load acts.
Methods. When studying the time of formation sand accumulation in the annular space of a horizontal well and a unit length of filter elements in the bottom of production strings, it is necessary at the first stage to determine the stresses on the surface of production strings equipped with sand filters when lowering into the well. Studying the assessment of the existence time of the transition period is of particular interest. This is, in other words, during what operational period there is a complete accumulation of formation sand in the annular space and the transition of formation drainage along the entire length of the horizontal wellbore to drainage of only zones adjacent to the filters. To calculate the fluid flow rate when the annular space of the horizontal well is completely filled with sand, the design values of the AC4.8 formation parameters were used. The maximum value of depressions used in the calculations is assumed to be 1.5 MPa.
Results. Consideration of situations that arise when filters are lowered into horizontal wells indicates that the outer surface of the filter elements is not protected from destruction as a result of contact stresses with the walls of the drilled wellbore. To protect against destruction and rubbing open gaps by clay-containing rocks, rigid centralizers should be installed along the edges of the filter elements, the maximum allowable distances between which should not exceed 4.0–4.5 m.
56-67
Rational frequency range and criteria for diagnosing endogenous fire zones in coal massifs by using the georadiolocation method
Abstract
Relevance. The necessity to improve the accuracy of analysis and prediction of potential fire hazard of rock-coal massifs by using electromagnetic methods of endogenous fire detection. Taking into consideration that the increase in coal temperature changes a number of its parameters, such as dielectric permittivity and electrical resistivity, it is reasonable to use the method of electromagnetic reconnaissance in locating the focus of fire.
Aim. To analyze the theoretical and practical knowledge about the anomalies formed in the area of spontaneous combustion and to evaluate the effectiveness of electromagnetic methods for locating the spontaneous combustion zones of a coal massif.
Objects. Physical parameters of the ignition zone of the coal massif, such as dielectric permittivity and electrical resistivity, as well as the range of the GPR central frequency, allowing clearly defining the boundaries of the ignited zone.
Method. Reviewing the proposed methods of determining the parameters serving for correct location of the fire zone. For GPR it is necessary to determine the center frequency of the standard antenna unit and resolution, then to estimate the rational frequency range of GPR.
Results. Allow us to draw conclusions about the methods used to determine the rational range of GPR center frequency – it can be calculated by solving the system of equations of the signal attenuation function and energy potential of GPR, by the experimental value of the target function, including the depth and detail of sounding as a function of frequency, or on the basis of a complex parameter of GPR, including the radiated power of the antenna, the number of accumulations and the reflection coefficient from the boundaries. Taking into account such physical features of the fire zone as drying the rock-angle massif and the shape of the anomalous zone, the rational range of the center frequency for the GPR "OKO-2" was determined.
68-76
Mineral composition of lake Sabakty sediments as an indicator of paleoclimate, Southern Urals, Russia
Abstract
Relevance. Reconstruction of climatic changes based on the lacustrine sediments of lakes makes it possible to identify climatic trends and events in the late Quaternary. The Urals is considered as one of the climatic divisions, therefore, studies of the conditions of lake sedimentation, including climatic ones, are relevant in this area.
Aim. To study mineral composition as an indicator of paleoclimate of Lake Sabakty sediments.
Object. Core of Lake Sabakty sediments (length is 298 cm). The age of the core is ~25 thousand years old.
Materials and methods. Sampling was carried out taking into account seismoacoustic data, lithological description, as well as measurements of magnetic susceptibility and radiometric dating data. The granulometric analysis was carried out by laser granulometry using a Bluewave particle size analyzer (Microtrac, USA) combined with a sample loading and circulation system with an integrated ultrasonic dispersant. Mineral composition of the sediments was determined using the D2 PHASER X-ray diffractometer and the Merlin auto-emission scanning electron microscope.
Results. The predominance of the siltstone fraction was established. The mineral composition is characterized by the predominance of allotigenic minerals in sediments (quartz, microcline, albite, mica, chlorite, mixed-layer clay minerals, hornblende, kaolinite) according to X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. Autigenic minerals include biogenic silica (cristobalite, tridymite), pyrite, carbonates (calcite, dolomite), sulfates (gypsum, barite).
Conclusions. The ratio of allogenic and autogenic components reflects the changes in the accommodation of the reservoir and the supply of clastic material associated with changes in climate humidity. Changes in climate humidity are reflected in changes in the contents of carbonate and sulfate minerals. At the beginning of sedimentation, Lake Sabakty was shallow and mineralized due to climate aridization, which probably included the global Bond 8 event (~26000–11700 BP). The study of the mineral composition of the sediments of Lake Sabakty allowed us to establish the events of climate aridization: ~10000 BP, ~7600 BP, ~6900 BP ~1900 BP and ~1400 BP. In Sabakty Lake, there is a bright episode of a decrease in climate humidity in the range of ~7300-5200 BP, which is marked by an increase in carbonate content up to 70% and the detection of gypsum at ~6900 BP.
77-90
Analysis of pipe sticking at well drilling in the South Iraqi limestone and sandstone reservoirs
Abstract
Relevance. Sticking of drill pipes increases the drilling rig unproductive time and risks of monitoring special equipment when drilling complex reservoirs. To accurately describe such negative scenarios, a universal methodology is required. It includes a comprehensive geomechanical and hydrodynamic model with a detailed forecast of interconnected physical processes in an open thermodynamic system "reservoir–well–drilling mud". The problems of "variable" model evaluation, developing a correct method for studying pipe sticking points are not trivial and are of interest for engineering applications at the oil and gas industry.
Aim. Based on actual data from fields in the Southern Iraq, it is proposed to: investigate pipe sticking when drilling wells with an inclined wellbore: assess risks, identify features and patterns of pipe sticking; develop a model and a methodology for their prevention.
Object. Pipe sticking and its effects.
Method. Geomechanical and hydrodynamic, numerical and analytical.
Results. The paper introduces the detailed overview and critical analysis of scenarios of pipe sticking in the Southern Iraq fields. The authors have analyzed the factors affecting pipe sticking and efficiency of the drilling rig in drilling inclined horizontal sections of wells. They established the criteria determining the effectiveness of drilling taking into account changes in drilling modes. The paper discusses the specifics of managing the drilling parameters responsible for preventing pipe sticking at an early stage, sedimentation of cuttings in the bottom of inclined sections and plugging of the well. The conclusions are illustrated by the results of analysis of actual pipe sticking scenarios, numerical modeling of particle dynamics in the annulus of horizontal eccentric wells obtained at the investigation of the complex shear flow of the non-Newtonian dispersed mixture using the ideas of the Euler–Euler and Euler–Lanrange approaches.
91-111
Dendrogeochemistry of Hg according to the study of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in the Tomsk region
Abstract
Relevance. The need for an ecological and geochemical assessment of the mercury intake characteristics into pine wood in order to identify the factors determining the accumulation of the element by trees.
Aim. Quantitative evaluation of mercury content in the annual rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Tomsk region, as well as identification of geoecological and climatic factors affecting the accumulation of pollutant.
Object. Annual rings of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) widely used in world science to obtain information about environmental pollution by chemical elements.
Methods. Pine core sampling, samples drying at room temperature. Determination of the number, width of annual rings and growth of wood on the LINTAB device (TSAP-Win and LIGNOVISION software) at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS (Tomsk). Determination of concentrations on the mercury analyzer RA-915+, by atomic absorption (pyrolysis method) on the basis of the Engineering School of Natural Resources of Tomsk Polytechnic University. Calculation of ecological and geochemical indicators: concentration coefficient, temporal allowable concentration, noosphere clark, normalization according to B. Markert, enrichment factor. To assess the climatic response of mercury accumulation by trees, the average daily data for 1933–2021 from the Tomsk weather station were used.
Results. The authors have obtained the data on the gross content and geochemical features of mercury accumulation by Scots pine wood in the territory of the Tomsk region. The results of calculations of the main geoecological indicators of the mercury load indicate an excess of element concentrations relative to the background, the average for terrestrial plants, as well as according to scandium rationing data. The paper highlights the period of increased mercury concentration in pine wood (1941–1974) as a result of the influence of the city industry. A similar pattern of pollutant accumulation for 1970–1986 was revealed in the study area, with an excess of 1.6–1.8 times relative to adjacent environments (soil, solid snow sediment, pine needles, mosses). Hg accumulation by wood is affected by the precipitation amount, both per year and during the growing season and during the period with positive temperatures, as well as the duration of precipitation during the year and the growing season.
125-136
Increasing the efficiency of coagulation in resonant gaps due to acoustic flow formation
Abstract
Relevance. The urgent need to eliminate environmental pollution from industrial emissions of various solid particles. At the same time, maximum attention is paid to cleaning exhaust gases from particles of 2.5 microns in size or less. One of the most promising ways to increase the efficiency of existing gas purification equipment in capturing such particles is their coagulation by exposing the gas flow to high-intensity acoustic vibrations of ultrasonic frequency. However, at low concentrations, even at the maximum permissible sound pressure level, the coagulation efficiency of particles smaller than 2.5 microns is insufficient to increase the recovery rate of gas cleaning equipment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new ways to further improve the efficiency of ultrasonic coagulation of particles smaller than 2.5 μm.
Aim. To determine the conditions for the formation of vortex flows in ultrasonic fields with the maximum ultrasonic influence in terms of sound pressure level. Conducting comparative studies of the coagulation of particles with a size of 2.5 microns with and without vortex flows. This will make it possible to determine the real values of increasing the efficiency of ultrasonic coagulation during turbulization of a gas-dispersed flow by acoustic flows in comparison with coagulation in a uniform ultrasonic field and without it.
Objects. Coagulation of particles under the influence of homogeneous and inhomogeneous ultrasonic fields.
Methods. Computer modeling of the formed ultrasonic field by the finite element method using harmonic acoustic analysis. The paper considers the experimental method for studying the process of combining particles under the influence of ultrasonic vibrations. To determine the characteristics of an aerosol during experimental studies, a TIPAS-1 meter based on the small-angle scattering method and the spectral transparency method was used.
Results. The paper introduces the results of studies of coagulation of particles with a size of 2.5 microns or less in an ultrasonic field formed in resonant gaps by oscillating disk emitters. The authors proposed to increase the efficiency of coagulation in resonant gaps through the use of ultrasonic disk emitters capable of forming alternating zones of maximum and minimum amplitude oscillations in the resonant gaps. The creation of such zones ensured the formation of vortex-type acoustic flows capable of moving particles within the nodal regions of a standing wave and between them. The involvement of small particles in the formed flows made it possible to increase the probability of their collision. It was established that more effective ultrasonic coagulation provides an increase in the degree of inertial capture for particles of 2.5 microns in size by 6% – from 89 to 95%, for particles of 1.5 microns in size by 7% – from 85 to 92%, and for particles of 0.5 microns by 9% – from 76 to 85%.
112-124
Effect of secondary processes on the petrophysical properties of sand rock of the tanopchin formation of the Tambey field (Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrug)
Abstract
Relevance. Finding the correlation between filtration-capacitive properties and secondary processes helps to identify missed oil and gas deposits. Traditional methods of processing geophysical information are becoming less and less effective, and accordingly there is a need to introduce new techniques for detecting missed hydrocarbon deposits.
Aim. To study the effect of secondary processes on the filtration and reservoir properties of rocks in the productive lower strata of the tanopchin formation of the North Tambey license area, located within the Tambey field, using materials from geophysical surveys of wells and core data.
Methods. The statistical-correlation interpretation method represents a significant breakthrough in the field of interpretation of well logging data. It allows for a more accurate interpretation of data from existing reservoir studies, which makes it possible to identify productive sections of wells where hydrocarbons could not be detected by traditional methods. Statistical correlation interpretation is carried out on the basis of data from secondary geochemical processes occurring in the formation.
Scientific novelty. Identification of the relationship between the intensity of secondary processes and the petrophysical properties of the rocks of the Lower Cretaceous productive horizon of the Tambey field (Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrug).
Results and conclusions. The author has determined the dependence of the filtration-capacitive properties of rocks on the intensity of secondary geochemical processes. It was established that secondary geochemical processes such as carbonatization and pyritization worsen reservoir properties, while kaolinization and pelitization lead to an improvement in the filtration and reservoir properties of reservoir rocks. The paper explains the mechanism of effect of secondary processes on filtration-capacitive properties. Pelitization of potassium feldspars leads to the formation of three-layer clay minerals, which have the largest sorption surface area and cation exchange capacity; as a result, the reservoir capacity increases, which leads to an increase in permeability several times.
137-147
Geotectonic model of the deep structure of the Zmeinogorsky ore district of Rudny Altai according to geological interpretation of geophysical survey complex
Abstract
Relevance. The search for hidden and poorly manifested pyrite-polymetallic mineralization on the surface within the Rudny Altai minerogenic zone. This task is of particular prognostic interest due to the high searchability of the area on the surface and the prospects for detecting hidden mineralization at deeper horizons.
Aim. Geotectonic modeling of structural and material inhomogeneities of the Earth's crust of the Zmeinogorsky ore district based on a comprehensive interpretation of geological and geophysical data with the identification of patterns of localization of hidden and poorly manifested pyrite-polymetallic mineralization on the surface.
Objects. Regularities of localization of hidden and poorly manifested pyrite-polymetallic mineralization on the surface within the Zmeinogorsky ore district of the Rudny Altai.
Methods. Processing of areal and profile materials of the study of the Rudny Altai, qualitative and quantitative interpretation of heterogeneous geological and geophysical information at the regional and detailed levels. The study of the history of development and geodynamic conditions of the formation of ore-bearing structures of the Zmeinogorsky ore district with the identification of geological and structural prognostic features at depths of practical interest.
Results. Based on a comprehensive analysis of heterogeneous geological and geophysical data, the authors have carried out the historical-evolutionary and geodynamic interpretation of the mineragenic structures of the Zmeinogorsky ore district within the Rudny Altai; these materials can be used as the basis for regional forecast constructions using non-standard geological, structural and material (tectonic) signs; the special influence of tectonic events characterizing the situation of the active continental margin with complicating episodes of rifting was verified; the patterns of localization of pyrite-polymetallic ores in volcanogenic-sedimentary rocks were revealed with the justification of a set of predictive criteria.
148-160
Icings in the Uda river basin (Western Transbaikalia): peculiarities of modern distribution and possibilities of use
Abstract
Relevance. The increase in the intensity of icing formation in the territory of the Western Transbaikalia from 2019 to the present due to the beginning of the high-water climatic cycle. The volumes of icings increase annually, cases of flooding of settlements and infrastructure facilities are observed. This makes it advisable to conduct a modern detailed study of the icings using new technologies and approaches. In the Uda River basin, which was selected as the study area, icings have not been studied sufficiently, and there is little information about them in literature. At the same time, they are a valuable resource, since massive ice fields accumulate a significant part of the winter runoff of both surface and groundwater. Therefore, icings can be used for economic purposes as a source of water supply for agricultural production when they melt in the warm season.
Aim. To assess the intensity of manifestation of icing formation within the Uda River basin with the identification of general patterns of modern distribution of the icings, the impact of various environmental factors on their dynamics, as well as the possibilities of their utilization.
Subjects. Icings formed in the cold season in the Uda River basin in the conditions of dissected mid-mountainous relief and wide distribution of permafrost rocks (permafrost).
Methods. Remote and field expeditionary methods of scientific research. Landsat-4-5, Landsat-8, Sentinel-2 space images and Resurs-P data were used as a source of information for remote sensing. Data on icings thickness were obtained using field methods in the course of icings surveys, and local digital terrain models of key sites in the areas of icings development were compiled using UAVs. Data processing was carried out using GIS methods.
Results. Current and retrospective maps of icings location were obtained. On the territory with the total area of about 35 thousand km2 up to 3.2 thousand icings are formed in winter depending on the natural and climatic conditions. During low-water climatic cycles, the number of icings decreases by 1.5 times. The large number of icings with their relatively small size is a consequence of the discontinuity of the cryolithozone in the study area. Groundwater icings prevail, where ice fields contain most of their runoff during the cold period of the year. The Uda River basin icings characterize the groundwater reserves of the territory and can be used as sources of water supply for agricultural production in the dry period from April to June, when there is practically no precipitation.
161-173
Regional, local and current forecast of the impact hazard of coal seam sites based on seismic monitoring
Abstract
Relevance. Insufficient validity of the quantitative criteria of the regional, local and current forecast of the impact hazard of the coal seams being developed, the absence of algorithms linking the use of geophysical and direct geomechanical methods in forecasting.
Aim. To develop a comprehensive method of geodynamic forecasting, including determining the extent of an impact-prone area identified by the results of a regional forecast based on the registration data of the GITS seismic monitoring system, for conducting local and current forecasts of impact hazard by regulatory methods.
Object. An array of rocks of the excavation column 4-1-5-7 of the Osinnikovskaya mine during mining operations in the zone of a group of tectonic disturbances and the intersection of advanced workings.
Methods. Regional geomechanical forecast by the geophysical method of seismic activity registration (GITS system), local (current) forecast by natural electromagnetic radiation methods (Angel-M equipment) and the output of drilling fines.
Results. The paper introduces the results of complex studies in the excavation column 4 1-5-7 of the Osinnikovskaya mine to establish a correlation between seismic activity and the parameters of the stress-strain state of the array. The authors have introduced the concept of integral indicators of the considered parameters IF and Ikσ. They take into account the area of the zone for the i-th range according to the complex parameter of seismic activity F and the coefficient of vertical stresses in the roof of the formation Kσ. It is established that the informative value of the integral indicators is almost twice as high as the informative value of the initial parameters. Experimental nomograms f(Fmax;xF) and f(IF;xF) are presented to determine the category "DANGEROUS/NON-DANGEROUS" for the regional forecast of impact hazard according to the GITS seismic monitoring system. The authors developed a general algorithm for predicting the impact hazard during clean-up operations. This algorithm uses an integrated approach that includes a regional forecast for recording seismic activity within the mine field and local forecasting methods, both geophysical and direct, to clarify the boundaries of seismic energy release zones and confirm the category of impact hazard. Thу paper introduces the example of determining the width of the zone of increased seismic energy release in the mine closest to the seismically active zone. The dynamics of the occurrence, development and decrease of the seismic energy release zone in the considered areas in the mine workings is shown. The authors give the examples of the implementation of a local forecast of impact hazard in previously established potentially dangerous areas by methods of recording natural electromagnetic radiation of rocks and by the output of drilling fines.
174-186
Aspects of thermal utilization of organic poultry waste
Abstract
Relevance. Currently, poultry farming, as part of the agro-industrial complex, is showing strong growth, which leads to an increase in the generation of organic waste. Chicken manure is a problematic organic waste from poultry farming in terms of its quantity, environmental hazard and moisture content. On the other hand, chicken manure is a potential renewable source of phosphorus. The use of chicken manure as a technogenic deposit of phosphorus will improve the level of environmental and food security.
Aim. Research of influence of parameters of plasma and pyrolysis treatment of chicken manure on waste weight loss and phosphorus content in biochar.
Methods. Experimental studies of the treatment of chicken manure with microwave plasma and induction pyrolysis; determination of the mass fraction of moisture during drying and loss of waste mass during disposal by the gravimetric method; determination of phosphorus in biochar using the Denizhe colorimetric method modified by A. Malyugin and S. Khrenova.
Results and conclusions. The author has carried out the experimental studies on the treatment of chicken manure with microwave plasma and induction pyrolysis. It was shown that effective ways to reduce the mass of chicken manure and prevent environmental pollution are the treatment of manure with microwave plasma and its induction pyrolysis. It was established that when chicken manure is processed in microwave plasma in an inert environment at temperatures up to 1560°C, the mass of waste is reduced by 92.76% with an exposure duration of 7 minutes. At the same time, the content of P2O5 in biochar is up to 52.2 g/100 g of biochar. Further exposure to plasma leads to vitrification of the waste. As the time of treatment of chicken manure with microwave plasma increases, the loss of waste mass grows exponentially. Induction pyrolysis of chicken manure in an inert environment at a temperature of 1000°C makes it possible to reduce the mass of waste by 92.30%. P2O5 content in biochar grows with increasing pyrolysis temperature and amounts to 12.64 g/100 g of biochar. Biochar obtained by treating chicken manure with microwave plasma and induction pyrolysis can be considered as a source of phosphorus. The results obtained indicate the possibility of utilizing chicken manure using microwave plasma and induction pyrolysis.
187-196
Comprehensive research of the distribution of tellurium-bismuth mineralization in the ores of the Abyz and Maleevskoe sulfide deposits (Republic of Kazakhstan)
Abstract
Within the formations of ensimatic and ensialic island arcs in the territory of Central and Northern Kazakhstan, there are more than thirty pyrite deposits enriched in copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver and rare metal mineralization, which is still insufficiently studied.
Relevance. The need to replenish information on tellurium-bismuth mineralization in ores of sulfide deposits formed in ensimatic (Abyz deposit) and ensialic (Maleevskoe deposit) island-arc systems, to establish a spatial connection of this type of mineralization with geodynamic conditions and predict the potential for their associated extraction from ore.
Aim. To study and compare morphological characteristics, distribution patterns and conditions for the formation of tellurium-bismuth mineralization in ores of pyrite deposits formed in different island-arc geodynamic settings.
Methods. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, mineragraphic and mineralogical analyses, scanning electron microscopy in combination with X-ray spectral microanalysis, Raman spectroscopy, thermobarogeochemical studies.
Results. A comparison of the pyrite deposits of the Rudno-Altai and Chingiz-Tarbagatai island arc systems showed many similarities and differences between them. The deposits have a multi-stage formation and a similar mechanism of ore deposition with similar physicochemical conditions for the formation of tellurium-bismuth mineralization. A spatial relationship between Te-Bi mineralization and geodynamic settings was established: for deposits associated with paleooceanic structures, a predominance of the tellurium element is observed, and for continental rifts, a predominance of the bismuth element.
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Method for determining reagent optimum volume for acid treatments of carbonate reservoirs based on a pressure build-up curve method
Abstract
Relevance. The need to increase the efficiency of acid treatments of carbonate reservoirs. Often, the design of treatments does not take into account the actual operating conditions of production wells, which leads to an overestimation or underestimation of the required volume of the reagent.
Aim. To propose a method for determining the optimal amount of reagent for carrying out acid treatments of carbonate reservoirs in order to restore the permeability of the rock in the near-well zone, taking into account the actual operating conditions of the well, which allows rationalizing the use of subsoil user resources.
Objects. Producing oil wells exploiting oil deposits in carbonate deposits of the Perm region, as well as the results of hydrodynamic studies carried out on these wells.
Methods. Theoretical substantiation of the possibility of determining the zone of deteriorated permeability around the well using the pressure recovery curve graph, graphical processing of diagnostic graphs of the pressure recovery curve, mathematical calculation of technological indicators based on hydrodynamic testing data of wells, integration of inflow volumes, analysis of technological data and conditions of applicability of the methodology.
Results. The authors have developed the methodology for determining the optimal volume of reagent for acid treatments of carbonate reservoirs based on the pressure recovery curve method. The optimal volume of reagent for 21 production wells was calculated. Using the example of 13 wells, the efficiency of the injected volume of reagent was determined and an overestimated volume of reagent injected into the formation was demonstrated. The authors assessed the subsoil user's costs taking into account the excess consumption of the reagent. The factors influencing the success of the method application depending on the operating conditions of the wells were identified. Criteria inappropriateness of acid treatment were identified.
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Sorbents based on foamed phosphate glass for collecting petroleum oil products from contaminated soils and water surfaces
Abstract
Relevance. The need to clean from pollution soils and water areas contaminated with oil and chemical industry wastes. Physico-chemical methods are one of the effective ways of cleaning, provided that sorbents are applied in time to collect contaminants from the surface of water areas and landscapes. Sorption is the most efficient and cost-effective method for relatively small scale pollution. Despite the variety of existing sorbents, in most cases when cleaning up accidental spills, first of all, economic benefits and oil capacity value of the sorbent are guided. However, such essential criteria as: 1) main purpose (type of polluted surface and nature of pollution); 2) physical and chemical properties, including structural characteristics and acid-base adsorption centers; 3) peculiarities of oil or other pollutants adsorption. Taking into account these factors, it is possible to develop and improve the formulation of sorbents based on phosphate foams. Introduction of various modifying additives into material composition is likely to expand their field of application.
Aim. Development of formulation and technological features of obtaining new phosphate sorbents in relation to their intended purpose: for collecting oil and petroleum product spills from soil or water surfaces.
Methods. Gravimetric, microscopic spectroscopic, statistical and comparative methods.
Results and conclusions. The authors have compared sorbents no. 1 and 2 in terms of physical and chemical properties, morphology and cleaning efficiency. Based on our laboratory studies, we concluded that sorbent no. 1 is better suited for sorption from aqueous surfaces and sorbent no. 2 is better suited for soil cleaning. Both sorbents have the potential to improve their technological properties. This allows refining the formulation of these materials with further testing in laboratory and field conditions, for example, at oil spill sites. For this purpose, it is possible to change the material composition using a different foaming agent, applying modifying additives and varying the temperature mode of firing. Development of new compositions and methods of sorbent foaming will make it possible to select optimal characteristics for each type of contamination. The author proposed as well to create phosphate biosorbent obtained by immobilization of fungi and bacteria on the surface of highly porous carrier. In this case, after sorption of pollution, adsorbed substances will undergo biodegradation with the formation of safe products, and the sorbent will perform the role of fertilizer.
227-240
Role of seismogeological modeling in the attribute analysis of seismic data using the example of the forecast of the thickness of the Yu3t formation of the southwestern Kazakhatsan oil field
Abstract
Relevance. The need to introduce the results of two-dimensional seismogeological modeling into seismic data attribute interpretation to identify signs of manifestation of the target object of the forecast in the wave field of seismic recording and assess the influence of interference of the host strata on it.
Object. Highly productive terrigenous Upper Jurassic Yu3t formation of the Nizhnekumkol formation of the oil field of southwestern Kazakhstan, formed under conditions of a cone of liquid proluvial fan.
Aim. To assess the impact of the interaction of the enclosing strata of the Upper Jurassic Yu3t formation on the seismogeological forecast of its capacities within the considered oil field.
Methods. Two-dimensional seismogeological modeling based on the analysis of the frequency response and determination of the shape of the elementary pulse of seismic recording in the interval of the productive formation. Analysis of the thicknesses of geological inhomogeneities overlying the Yu3t formation in order to assess their effect on the wave characteristic of the time interval of research.
Results. The performed two-dimensional seismogeological modeling showed that the amplitude characteristic of the negative phase of the wave packet of the target object, characterizing the power of the Yu3t formation, is affected to varying degrees by the overlapping thicknesses of the Yu3a formation and the inter-reservoir seal P1. Based on the modeling results, it was concluded that the basis for predicting the thickness of the Yu3t formation should be considered an attribute map of the difference in amplitudes of the upper positive (A) and average negative (B) phases of the considered wave packet A, B, C. At the same time, the correlation dependences of the obtained attribute with the values of the thickness of the Yu3t formation in drilled wells should be considered within the areas outside the zone the influence of other elements complicating the wave pattern of the target object (tectonic disturbances and erosive protrusions of the foundation).
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