Relevance. The change of certain environmental factors (water or wind erosion, anthropogenic component) leads to changes of the structure and properties of the soil body. Coastal area soil can already be affected by erosion, which can also negatively affect the quality of water, because washout of the soil particles from the organic-rich upper part of the soil profile can lead to an acceleration of eutrophication processes. Moreover, the recreational activity of these territories increases the anthropogenic load on the soil cover, thereby aggravating soil degradation. That is why the importance of a comprehensive study of the soil disturbance problems caused by erosion and anthropogenic factors is beyond doubt.

Aim. To analyze the behavior of the magnetic and humus profiles during soil cover degradation due to water erosion.

Object. Soil profiles of the coastal area of Lake Kandrykul (Republic of Bashkortostan).

Materials and methods. Magnetic susceptibility was measured using MFK-1A Kappabridge (AGICO). The hysteresis parameters of the studied sedimentary deposits were determined using a coercive spectrometer (J_meter), the Tyurin method was used to determine the level of humus in the soil.

Results. According to the magnetic susceptibility data, the studied soil profiles can be divided into accumulative (soil profiles 2, 6, 7, 10) and eluvial-illuvial (soil profiles 1, 3, 4, 8, 9) types of distribution of magnetic components. According to the Day–Dunlop diagram, the magnetic grains of the samples of the studied soil profiles belong to the category of pseudo-domain particles.

Conclusions. Studying magnetic susceptibility and humus level helped us to determine soil profiles as accumulative and eluvial type of magnetic components and humus distribution. We proved that the ferromagnetic component makes the main contribution to the magnetic susceptibility. The method of coercive spectrometry has shown that magnetic grains in the studied soil profiles are pseudo-domain particles, which may indicate their pedogenic origin.

Relevance. The need to create reagent systems based on raw materials of domestic origin. A feature of the developed inhibitory system is the use of lignosulfonate as a product of "green chemistry". Lignosulfonate is a byproduct of chemical processing of a natural polymer – wood. Depending on the type of processed wood and the method of its delignification, the characteristics of lignosulfonates vary in terms of tannidity (tanning properties 12–36%), in terms of reducing sugars (3–16%), in terms of solids (46–52%), in terms of concentrate color and inhibitory ability against calcium salts (from 45 to 60%).

Aim. Selection of a lignosulfonate matrix modifier to produce a salt deposition inhibitor with protection of more than 90%.

Methods. Turbiscan technology based on multiple optical scanning of vials with samples of the lignosulfonate system in height with registration of two profiles: transmission and backscattering of laser radiation.

Results and conclusions. The lignosulfonate matrix was modified with phosphonic functional groups oxyethylidendiphosphonic acid (ethidronic acid) capable of creating compounds with the propane chain of the lignosulfonate monomer unit (phenylpropane unit). The effectiveness of the inhibitory ability of the lignosulfonate system is calculated by the value of the TSI (Turbiscan Stability Index), which characterizes the sedimentation stability of the tested samples. The stability of the samples is determined by the obtained profiles of changes in the signals received along the height of the sample and during the test and is used to quantify the changes taking place in the test sample. The best results (92%) were obtained on the basis of a lignosulfonate neutral-sulfite production method with a high content of reducing sugars, with a salt deposition inhibitor additive content of no more than 50 mg/l. Presumably, the obtained compounds are classified as esters of alcohol groups of lignosulfonate and phosphonic groups of the reagent modifier.

Relevance. Environmental pollution by waste is still one of the most pressing problems of the modern world. An important part of its solution is the proper waste sorting, which reduces its volume, as well as simplifies its processing and disposal. Automatic waste sorting reduces the use of manual labor, as well as the possibility of infecting workers. Designing an automatic classification trash can solve the problem of waste sorting already at the stage of its generation, speeding up neutralization.

Aim. Automatically recognizing the waste material and then assigning the trash to the appropriate bins will be an important step towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly waste management system.

Methods. Development of an Arduino-based automatic waste sorting system. Using sensors, the Arduino processes the received data and sends a command to the executive device to move the waste to the appropriate container.

Results and conclusions. Two prototypes of the waste sorting system were created. The first prototype was equipped with fewer sensors, which reduced its ability to accurately distinguish between waste types. After significant improvements, the work on the second prototype was deployed. This prototype is characterized by robust electronic processing and can function productively in all weather conditions due to its carefully designed housing. Relatively high accuracy in testing shows that the proposed model can sort waste efficiently, reducing manual labor and speeding up the recycling process. It has vital scientific significance and application value.

Relevance. The need to evaluate the impact of a constant and alternating electric field on the physicochemical properties of various types of water, on the volumetric rate of filtration of liquids from highly clayey porous media and on the coefficient of oil displacement by water.

Aim. To study the impact of a constant and alternating electric field on the hydrogen index and interfacial tension of aqueous electrolytes of various natures, as well as on porous medium permeability and the oil displacement coefficient under conditions simulating the above-mentioned formation of the Kirmakinsky formation.

Objects. The experiments were carried out on a specially designed installation that allows measurements in both constant and alternating electric fields, taking into account the pressure drop. The body of the reservoir model was made of organic glass in the form of a tube with a variable length of 0.3–0.7 m and a diameter of 0.025 m with stainless steel electrodes mounted at the inlet and outlet. The research is devoted to the impact of constant and alternating electric fields on the hydrogen index and interfacial tension of aqueous electrolytes of various natures, as well as on the permeability of the porous medium and the oil displacement coefficient under conditions simulating the above-mentioned porous layer of the Kirmakinsky formation.

Methods. The presence of an external electric field has a significant impact on the resulting value of the pH value and the value of the interfacial tension of aqueous electrolytes at the boundary with the hydrocarbon phase, which contributes, by analogy with the reagent treatment of oil reservoirs, to an increase in their permeability. When studying the processes of secondary oil migration in low-permeability water-saturated reservoirs, the practical absence of pressure filtration factors is noted and the dominance of diffusion-osmotic and electrokinetic factors during their occurrence is emphasized. The presence of electroosmotic movement of oil in various dispersed rocks (sand-silts and clays) under the effect of an external electric field was proven experimentally, and the possibility of displacing oil by the front of an aqueous solution of electrolytes through porous membranes of various capillary-porous nature was discussed in the work.

Results. Based on the totality of the presented results, it is possible to come to an important conclusion from a practical point of view: by means of the directed action of an external electric field with regulated intensity parameters on the secondary process of oil extraction by aqueous electrolytes, it is possible to significantly increase the value of the displacement coefficient of difficult-to-permeate reservoirs, in particular high-clay reservoirs of the Kirmakinsky formation.

Relevance. The need to establish the selective impact of individual structural parameters and heteroatomic functional groups in the structure of asphaltene molecules on their aggregation in order to develop effective ways to prevent sedimentation in technological equipment at the stages of production, transport and processing of heavy hydrocarbon raw materials.

Aim. To establish the impact of the structural group composition, the concentration of basic nitrogen in asphaltene substances on their colloidal stability.

Objects. Heavy oil of the Republic of Tatarstan (density at 20°C – 940,0 kg/m³; viscosity at 20°C – 742,9 cSt), model oil systems with a basic nitrogen content of 1, 2, 3 wt %, asphaltenes initial and model petroleum systems and their thermolysis products.

Methods. Liquid adsorption chromatography, potentiometric titration, elemental analysis, cryoscopy in naphthalene, ¹H NMR spectroscopy, structural group analysis, spectrophotometry.

Results. Synthetic asphaltene-like nitrogenous bases were obtained by thermolysis of model petroleum systems with different contents of basic nitrogen (quinoline) at 400°C for 4 hours. During thermolysis, 0.3–0.8 wt % of basic nitrogen is additionally incorporated into the molecular structure of synthetic asphaltene-like substances. The molecular weight of synthetic asphaltene-like substances is two times lower than that of the asphaltenes of the initial oil. With an increase in basic nitrogen in synthetic asphaltene-like substances, the aromaticity factor increases by 2–3% with a decrease in the proportion of paraffin carbon. It was established that asphaltenes from thermally converted oil are two times more resistant to sedimentation compared to the initial asphaltenes, due to a twofold decrease in their average molecular weight. It was shown that the sedimentation rate of synthetic asphaltene-like nitrogenous bases is two–three times lower compared to the initial asphaltenes. It was established that the colloidal stability of synthetic asphaltene-like substances increases with the growth in N_bas content in their molecular structure.

Relevance. At standard interpretation of field geophysics materials there are sometimes the problems of inconsistency of interpretation results to the results of reservoir tests. Productive oil and gas saturated intervals are interpreted as water-saturated and skipped, and this phenomenon is caused by formation of low resistivity reservoirs as a result of formation of surface electrical conductivity in the rock. In the absence of rock material, it is impossible to determine the fraction of surface electrical conductivity by the traditional method, which leads to erroneous calculation of residual water saturation.

Aim. To determine an algorithm for calculating the specific electrical resistivity of the surface layer and water mixture (based on the data of geophysical well surveys) in permeable terrigenous rocks of oil-saturated low resistivity reservoirs associated with secondary geochemical transformation.

Method. Development of a mathematical algorithm for calculating the specific electrical resistance of the surface layer and water mixture on the basis of the previously proposed formula of B.Yu. Wendelstein within the framework of the parallel connection model and the reduced specific electrical resistivity equation of the surface layer of epigenetically transformed sandstone. At constant salinity and interval temperature in the reduced equation of the surface layer, the parameter of relative charge concentration is a variable value. To calculate this parameter, the author has proposed a method of statistical-correlation interpretation of the materials of geophysical studies of wells. This method allows calculating the potassium content in the sandstone rock. After point-by-point determination of potassium content (C_K), a trend equation is established by negative-correlation power dependence of specific electrical resistivity (C_K), where three parameters are determined: degree value and values of maximum and minimum potassium concentrations. Based on these three values, the parameter of relative concentration of charges in the surface layer is calculated with the corresponding calculation of its specific electrical resistivity. The averaged (over the interval) value of the share of the surface layer in pores is determined from the data of logging diagrams.

Results. On the basis of the obtained specific electrical resistivity equation of the mixture, theoretical curves were constructed, confirming the relevance of the proposed algorithm and validity of the results of its application. In low resistivity reservoirs of four formations of different wells the specific electrical resistivity of the mixture, incremented specific electrical resistivity were calculated and the residual water saturation and oil saturation coefficients corresponding to the results of reservoir tests were determined on the basis of the Dakhnov–Archaie equation.

Conclusions. Comparisons of the results of determining the nature of reservoir saturation calculated on the basis of the proposed algorithm with empirical results of reservoir testing shown their full correspondence.

The article presents a mathematical model for reducing active power losses at enterprises with continuous production mode by regulating the magnitude of reactive power. The main theoretical principles, mathematical framework, and results obtained during the study are provided. The authors have analyzed the impact of optimizing the magnitude of reactive power on the overall efficiency of the enterprise power consumption, and proposed practical recommendations for implementing the developed model into production processes.

Relevance. Continuous production mode is particularly sensitive to the stability and reliability of power supply, as well as the quality of the supplied electricity. Industrial enterprises with continuous production mode are characterized by high energy consumption, which can be reduced by regulating the magnitude of reactive power. This, in its turn, reduces active power losses, increases overall energy efficiency, lowers production costs, and improves environmental performance.

Aim. To develop and test a mathematical model aimed at reducing active power losses by regulating the magnitude of reactive power at enterprises with continuous production mode. The research focuses on identifying optimal parameters and conditions for regulating reactive power that will ensure minimal energy losses and maximum efficiency of electrical equipment.

Methods. The development of the mathematical model employs classical Lagrangian optimization methods. Based on these methods, the authors performed an analysis of the current state of reactive power management, and developed a mathematical model, taking into account the specifics of continuous production. The model includes power balance equations, equipment parameter constraints, and operational modes of the enterprise. Optimization techniques such as linear and nonlinear programming are used to determine the optimal values of reactive power.

Results. The authors developed the mathematical model that takes into account the features of continuous production processes and allows for the optimization of reactive power distribution. Experimental studies shown that the application of the developed model leads to a significant reduction in active power losses, an increase in the power factor, and a reduction in the enterprise overall energy costs. Practical implementation of the proposed methods resulted in a reduction of active power losses by approximately 25%, depending on the production conditions.

Relevance. Geologic-hydrodynamic modeling is an integral part of field development design. The process of geological and hydrodynamic model adaptation to the development history is multi-iterative and is accompanied by a high degree of uncertainty of geological parameters. The quality of model adaptation directly affects the reliability of forecast indicators, on the basis of which key design decisions are made. One of the main macroparameters in model adaptation is the type of relative phase permeability curves. Optimization of setting this macro-parameter will significantly reduce resource and time costs during geological and hydrodynamic model adaptation.

Aim. Development of an approach for automatic adjustment of relative phase permeability curves.

Methods. Geologic-hydrodynamic modeling, mathematical modeling, statistical methods.

Results and conclusions. The authors have developed the approach of automatic adjustment of relative phase permeability curves to the dynamics of reservoir performance. The approach is implemented as a machine code in the Python programming language. Initial testing was carried out on six deposits with terrigenous and carbonate reservoir type of fields of Volga-Ural and Timan-Pechora oil and gas bearing provinces. High convergence of actual curves of relative phase permeabilities, adjusted in the process of multi-iteration adaptation of hydrodynamic model, with calculated model curves was noted. At the next stage, the method was tested on a complex carbonate object with high fluid viscosity. It was found that within one iteration it was possible to adjust the integral parameters of oil production and water cut with a high degree of convergence. Thus, the developed approach makes it possible to significantly reduce the time of adjustment of relative phase permeability curves for the dynamics of reservoir development by using the program module.

Relevance. The method of dendrogeochemistry makes it possible to determine the concentration of chemical elements in tree rings. As part of this work, a spatio-temporal reconstruction of mercury pollution of local and regional origin was carried out Aim. Determination of the characteristics of the Hg distribution in space and over a long time in order to identify the main factors affecting Hg accumulation by annual rings of pine, as well as the establishment and clarification of patterns in Hg accumulation in each study area. The object of the study is the core of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (Tomsk, Irkutsk regions, Republic of Buryatia) and dalat pine (Pinus dalatensis Ferré) (Socialist Republic of Vietnam).

Methods. Ten cores were selected for the study in the years range from 1930 to 2022. The sampling was carried out using the Haglof age drill. The number and width of annual rings are determined with an accuracy of 0.001 mm on the LINTAB device at the Institute of Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RAS (Tomsk). Mercury analysis was conducted on the mercury analyzer RA-915+ by atomic absorption (pyrolysis method) on the basis of the Engineering School of Natural Resources of Tomsk Polytechnic University.

Results and conclusions. Hg accumulation by the wood of Scots pine and Dalate pine in the studied territories is affected by natural and anthropogenic factors: natural emanations of Hg due to the degassing of the Earth's crust (Irkutsk Region and the Republic of Buryatia); local technogenesis (Tomsk Region), as well as military actions using chemical weapons (Republic of Vietnam). The study assessed the dynamics of Hg accumulation by wood over 93 years (1930–2021/2023). In the period from 1930 to the end of the 1960s there is an increased average content of the element in all the studied territories. The increased concentrations of Hg in this period on the territory of the Republic of Vietnam related to the transboundary transport of mercury from the continental part of East Asia, as well as chemical weapons used during the wars; on the territory of Russia – the growth of industrial production during the Great Patriotic War and the post-war reconstruction of the country, as well as seismicity and geological conditions.

Relevance. The problems arising in developing fuel composites and consisting in determining the optimal ratio of combustible components are solved in the study of their physicochemical and operational properties. Particular attention should be paid to ignition and combustion of the air suspension of fuel compositions.

Aim. The implementation of these problems is seen in the development of an experimental technique for predicting some indicators of coals and coal waste based on the methodology of analyzing video files air suspension of ignition in the form of a graphical visualization of combustion.

Methods. Technique for assessing and predicting some indicators of coals and coal waste obtained on the basis of the me-thodology of analyzing video files of air suspension ignition in the form of a graphical visualization of combustion.

Results and conclusions. The authors have obtained the dependence of the predicted value for determining the air excess coefficient for coals and coal waste. They developed the methodology for graphical visualization of the combustion of coals and coal waste air suspension. The Kuznetsk coal of grade D was studied and its combustion was described in the case of combustion in active hydrodynamic modes. The developed method for assessing and predicting some indicators of coals and coal waste obtained on the basis of the methodology for analyzing video files of air suspension ignition in the form of graphical visualization of the combustion proved its effectiveness. It showed a good distribution of dust-coal particles in a gas-dust cloud throughout the volume, demonstrating stable and efficient combustion of the fuel system. Convective flows in the reaction chamber do not break the forming combustion front. Graphic visualization of combustion showed that during this process, there is a minimum time of destructive processes occurring in coal particles. This indicates efficient heat and mass transfer. For the studied system of Kuznetsk coal of grade D, the optimal fuel-oxidizer ratio α is 1.25. Oxidation reactions in this case occur in a shorter time, which is characterized by an increase in pressure in the reaction volume.