编号 2 (2022)

The article examines the biography and role in the events of the Caucasian War of one of the military-political leaders of the Khadzhret Kabarda - the Kabardian prince Mo-hammed Atazhukin. The study is conducted based on Russian and Ottoman sources, using folk traditions preserved both in the Caucasus and in the foreign Circassian diaspora. Because of the presence in sources of the first half of the XIX century mention several military and political figures (or representatives of the Kabardian ethno-elite) with similar names and surnames, this research enquired his identity. Based on Turkish archival sources, some pages of his biography are clarified, the attitude of the Ottoman authorities towards him is determined; the facts of the resettlement of Circassians within the Ottoman Empire long before the end of the Caucasian War, and the participation of Mahomet Atazhukin in this process are established. The article discusses the role of the Kabardian Khajrets and their military and political leaders in the anti-colonial resistance in the Eastern Transkuban region, it was established that they firmly demonstrated disproportionate influence and military activity in this sub-region of the Caucasus.

The travels of emperors on the national outskirts of the Russian Empire as a representation of power and mastering the symbolic space of multinational state were the means to manage culturally complex communities of the Romanov dynasty servants. The article considers the circumstances of the visits of Alexander II in 1871, Alexander III in 1888, and Nicholas II in 1914 to the South Caucasus. It describes the general characteristics of the routes and scenarios of the highest visits, shows the stability of the principal forms of communication with the local population. The importance of the continuity of the czarevitch’s’ Caucasian journeys in their future practices of ruling the region is emphasized. The commemorative aspects of the czarist visits that actualize in the public consciousness the key events of the Russian history of the Caucasus are investigated. It is noted while observing organizational and ceremonial canon, each visit solved concrete and historical problems determined by the completion of the accession Caucasus to Russia, the development of transport infrastructure and deeper integration of the region into the socio-cultural space of the empire, symbolic mobilization of demographic and material resources of the southern outskirts during the World War I. The reasoned conclusion shows that the visits of the emperors promoted the legitimization in the eyes of the subjects of both the supreme crown authority and its representatives in the face of the authorities of the Caucasian region. “The Highest Visits” deepened the integration of the region into the larger imperial space and, at the same time, contributed to the reintegration of the peoples of the South Caucasus within the Russian state order.

 This work analyzes for the first time, based on new archival documents and other sources, the problems of material and domestic arrangement of military personnel families; World War II disabled veterans, demobilized military personnel and orphans on the materials of Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The activities of state and party bodies in organizing employment, social security and help to families of front-line soldiers, disabled, demobilized military personnel. This article established the number of beneficiaries who received benefits and pensions, as well as employed families of military personnel disabled during the war years. It also revealed the omissions and shortcomings in the organization of material and household arrangements, the normalized provision of food and industrial goods to the families of military personnel and war invalids. This paper considered activities of state bodies and the public in organizing the help of orphans and children who have become homeless. The experience of labor collectives of factories, factories, collective farms, state farms, public organizations, and citizens in providing patronage help, families of front-line soldiers, disabled people and orphans is summarized.We concluded that the main areas of state and public support for the families of military personnel, war invalids, orphans and demobilized children in Kabardino-Balkarian Republic were state benefits, pensions, targeted material help, tax exemptions, provision of food and industrial goods, solving housing problems, employment and restoration of orphanages.

This study analyzes the Circassian dimension in the modern Georgian politics of memory. The author analyzes the main vectors and trajectories of the development of Circassian narratives in the modern memorial canon of Georgia. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of the practices and strategies used by Georgian intellectuals within the framework of the functioning of Circassian narratives in the modern memorial canon of Georgia as an element of the politics of memory. The article analyzes 1) the role of political elites and the media in the formation of Circassian narratives in the politics of memory, 2) the features of the performative turn in the historical policy of promoting Circassian images, 3) the role of Circassian narratives in the “wars of memory”. This article shows both the merging and conflict potential of the Circassian dimension in Georgian historical politics. The author analyzes the roles of state authorities and the media as the key participants in the policy of memory and formatters of the memorial canon. It is assumed that the Circassian narratives in the modern memorial canon are predominantly symbolic for solving internal political problems, since external factors minimized the real influence of Georgia in the region. The results of the study show that the Circassian narratives in the Georgian politics of memory became an element of the ideological legitimization of the elites and the promotion of the concept of Georgia’s special role in the Caucasus, as well as the formation of alternative versions of memory to the perception of Circassian images in the Russian historical imagination.

In this research area, interest is an epic - scale canvas by the Balkarian prose writer Z. Tolgurova “Big Dipper”. According to all structural and content parameters (large format, panoramic view, aim reflection and comprehension of historical events, the length of the narrative in time and space, during battle scenes, parallel developing storylines, the conjugation of the destinies of the people and the main characters of the work) it is classified as an epic novel. Nationality is singled out as a defining feature. The purpose of the study is to identify the epic features of the novel and reflection degree in it of the historical experience of the people (the process of planting Soviet ideology, the tragic consequences of breaking the old patriarchal world, the denial of the former moral and ethical norms, the difficulties of coexistence of people in society, human adaptation to a spontaneously changing reality. The result of the dramatic events was not the achievement of universal equality or freedom of choice, but alienation and disunity in the ethnic environment, mutual hostility based on class. The reality of the period of the October Revolution is considered by Tolgurov in the evolution's context of individual consciousness. The study of the conceptual layers of the literary text made it possible to trace the transformation of the characters, to determine the spiritual and moral potential of each image, to determine the level of awareness and involvement of the characters in the historical process. The author’s evaluation line contributed to the realization of humanistic concepts and ideas. The work gradually reveals the ideological attitudes of representatives of different social strata, subjective ways of translating the mental component of the people (using the example of the ideological antipodes of the Nuh and the Cossack). All these provisions confirm the scale of the writer’s reflection of the specifics of the era, the relevance and artistic and aesthetic value of the novel.ts, the length of the narrative in time and space, the presence of battle scenes, parallel developing storylines, the conjugation of the destinies of the people and the main characters of the work) it is classified as an epic novel. Nationality is singled out as a defining feature. The purpose of the study is to identify the epic features of the novel and the degree of reflection in it of the historical experience of the people (the process of planting Soviet ideology, the tragic consequences of breaking the old patriarchal world, the denial of the former moral and ethical norms, the difficulties of coexistence of people in society, human adaptation to a spontaneously changing reality. The result of the dramatic events was not the achievement of universal equality or freedom of choice, but alienation and disunity in the ethnic environment, mutual hostility based on class. The reality of the period of the October Revolution is considered by Tolgurov in the context of the evolution of individual consciousness. The study of the conceptual layers of the literary text made it possible to trace the transformation of the characters, to determine the spiritual and moral potential of each image, to determine the level of awareness and the degree of involvement of the characters in the historical process. The author's evaluation line contributed to the realization of humanistic concepts and ideas. The work gradually reveals the ideological attitudes of representatives of different social strata, subjective ways of translating the mental component of the people (using the example of the ideological antipodes of the Nuh and the Cossack). All these provisions confirm the scale of the writer's reflection of the specifics of the era, the relevance and artistic and aesthetic value of the novel.

This article examines the semantic and linguistic features of T.Z. Tabulov’s works of the 1930s, united by the theme of the situation of the mountain woman in pre-revolutionary times. The story “Jalduz” traces the sad fate of the heroine, losing her husband, home, and forced to wander through the forest because of the capture of the village by the tsarist troops. This article thoroughly analyzed the scene of the massacre of a baby, a blind old woman, and Jalduz herself. The author characterizes perpetrators of a brutal execution as soulless killing machines, confirmed by an artistic detail: when describing them, the primary attention focuses on weapons. The story “Fatimat” points at the whole subsequent life of a free girl born is a chain of continuous restrictions, reduced to complete captivity after marriage. The widespread national speech formula “happiness has made its way”, related to the heroine, transformed into its semantic antipode when Musa-Big bought her for a thousand rubles. This notes that it is not the person, but wealth imperiously manages a person’s life, turning it into a continuous drama. The denouement is also eloquent, which not only reproaches, but denounces and rejects the system that destroys an innocent girl in favor of a rich sensualist. The song “Gulya and Fatimat” raises the same theme of disregard for the spiritual needs of the individual, telling about the tragedy of a girl who was forcibly married off to an old and unloved rich man. And here the fate of the daughter is sacrificed to the greed of the parents. In parallel with interpreting texts, this work analyzes the language of the novels, as well as its functions in specific scenes and episodes. This article reveals the author’s skillful mastery of hyperbole, comparison, metaphor, personification, figurative parallel, antithesis. The considered material leads to the conclusion that such a wealth of expressive elements, such an organic fusion of vocabulary, stylistics and psychologism has not been found in any of the Abaza writers not only in the 1930s but also in later decades.