Vol 26, No 193 (2021)
- Year: 2021
- Published: 15.12.2021
- Articles: 25
- URL: https://ogarev-online.ru/1810-0201/issue/view/19750
Articles
Teaching Russian-English translation with computer games
Abstract
Nowadays, computer games occupy a large share of the entertainment industry market: according to data for 2019, the market volume was $ 152.1 billion (for comparison, the market volume in 2018 was $ 137.9 billion). The growing popularity of the industry led to the inclusion of computer games in 2005 on the UNESCO World Heritage List, and in 2003 – to the establishment of a video game award by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Computer games are increasingly penetrating our lives, and thus follows the language of “gamers”, exerting an increasing influence on the normative language. Computer games are a vast topic for research and study, especially in terms of language and teaching. Teaching translation in the modern world should include a comprehensive preparation of future specialists for work. In the current education system of the Russian Federation, there is no professional training of translators for the localization of computer games, therefore, translators who wish to work in this area need to undergo additional training outside the higher education system. This brings to the fore the issue of needing to identify the features of the translation process and localization of computer games in order to improve the quality of teaching translation. We consider the features of translation and localization from English into Russian based on the texts of the computer game “The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt”.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):7-14
7-14
Framework for designing bespoke corporate foreign language courses
Abstract
In order to implement individualized corporate language teaching we define and develop a framework for designing bespoke corporate language learning programmes which consists of the following sequential stages: 1) defining methodic principles of designing corporate language learning programmes; 2) analysis of the learning context and needs of corporate students; 3) conceptualizing the learning content; 4) formulating learning goals and objectives of corporate students; 5) selecting and arranging the learning content of the corporate language course; 6) selecting and developing learning materials; 7) planning and developing the assessment content, types and materials, evaluating the course, as well as comprising instructions and strategies for working at each of the aforementioned stages. The framework is based on the analysis of the existing frameworks for designing language learning programmes for specific purposes, results of observing language learning of corporate students and such ways of language teaching as learnercentered, system, skills-based, action-oriented, cognitive, cognitive communicative and interdisciplinary approaches. It has a clear structure and can be used by language teachers for developing bespoke language courses for corporate students, as well as other categories of students, and creating frameworks for developing language learning programmes.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):15-28
15-28
Selection of subject-specific content of teaching a foreign language for professional communication in a medical university in the framework of Content and Language Integrated Learning
Abstract
The issue of selecting the subject content of teaching a foreign language for students of non-linguistic specialties is one of the topical issues facing many authors dealing with the teaching of foreign languages. For many specialties, this issue remains open. Few authors come to a common opinion on this issue, but separate courses are already ready for a number of specialties. However, on the issue of selecting the subject content of teaching a foreign language in a medical university, many practicing teachers have not come to a consensus. We examine the issue of teaching a foreign language in the framework of two directions: ESP (English for Specific Purposes) and CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning). We consider the issue of the subject content of training and give our understanding of this topic in the framework of teaching the specialty of medical students and propose to highlight the subject aspects of the content of teaching a foreign language for professional communication of students of medical universities of the specialties “General Medicine” and “Dentistry”.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):29-37
29-37
Genesis, essence and structure of pedagogical technology “Cooperative learning”
Abstract
The emergence of pedagogical technologies and their mass introduction dates back to the 1960s. Reformation of the American and European schools was provoked by reinterpretation of the learning goals. However, the historical roots of some pedagogical technologies are much older than studies of J. Carroll and D. Bruner – renowned authorities in this area of research. One of these technologies is cooperative learning. Initially recognized as a key component of humanistic pedagogy of J. Dewey, this technology has been further developed in works of many Soviet and foreign scholars. In the 1920s, the works by J. Dewey had a serious impact on the reformation of the Soviet education system, which aimed to educate the entire population of the Soviet Union. However, for some reasons, the gradual introduction of cooperative learning into learning process took a break in the 1930s. Since the late 1990s, a serious pedagogical crisis has emerged in the Russian Federation, which cannot be mended by traditional education system; it encourages many teachers to look at the well-studied pedagogical technologies from a different perspective. Today the social order sets new requirements concerning a major breakthrough in training a person. Teamwork and analytical thinking skills, the ability to lifelong self-education and self-development require fundamental changes in the traditional education system. At the same time, for the successful implementation of pedagogical technology, it is necessary to resolve a number of issues related to the essence of the concept of cooperative learning and the definition of components. Research relevance is indicated, the historical roots and essence of the concept of pedagogical technology of cooperative learning are determined, examples of the practical application of models of this pedagogical technology are exemplified.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):38-46
38-46
Stages of teaching foreign language intercultural communication of students based on the case method
Abstract
One of the methods of problem learning is the case method. It consists in the fact that students are invited to study a specific problem and are invited to discuss and identify ways to solve it. The case method was originally developed for the training of lawyers and economists, and relatively recently began to be used in foreign language teaching. We briefly review the history of the development of the case method, analyze and summarize research on the organization of project work of students on the basis of modern pedagogical and information-communication technologies, and on the basis of this analysis, stages and detailed steps for using the case method are proposed in teaching students foreign language intercultural communication. There are three such stages: organizational, procedural and evaluative. Within each of the stages, several steps are proposed: 1) immersion in project activities based on the case method; 2) discussion of information security issues; 3) acquaintance with the materials of the case; 4) discussion of case materials; 5) search and study of additional sources for describing the problem and ways to solve it; 6) discussion of case materials and development of a decision on it; 7) presentation of the solution for the case; 8) self-assessment of students and assessment of their teamwork on the case; 9) reflection. We describe in detail the functions of the teacher and students at each stage.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):47-57
47-57
Development of language mediation of non-linguistic universities students in the course of learning a foreign language
Abstract
The relevance of foreign language proficiency of university graduates led to the design and pedagogical testing of the model for the development of mediation of students. The model was implicated in the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in the town of Odintsovo (Moscow Region) in the 1–4 courses and the Kuzbass Institute of the Federal Penal Service of Russia (Novokuznetsk, Kemerovo Region, in the 1–2 courses) in 2019–2021. We clarify the components of the model based on a complex of cultural, competence-based and communicative approaches. The authors viewed mediation training methods and adjustment of the content of education. The working concepts of the study are specified: types of mediation (interactive, non-interactive and hybrid), approaches and methods of developing mediation skills. The principles of selecting the content of language education (development and development of practice-, cultural – and professionally-oriented variable topics; priority of dialogical forms of communication in the language in the field of the studied concept with an emphasis on mediation; conducting negotiations in the language, etc.) based on the results of mediation are substantiated. The experimental work showed that the content of education and teaching methods were the most flexible components of this model, which are quite easily transformed for any type of training (standard, mixed, hybrid and/or distance). The analysis of the language teaching methods used (debates, case studies, etc.) proved their compliance with the requirements of the current standard. The presented experience of the implementation of the developed model, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, is verified by the data of experimental control and measurement procedures that proved the effectiveness of our model for the development of mediation skills of students of non-linguistic universities.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):58-72
58-72
Development of socio-cultural competence among high school students in foreign language lessons through authentic feature films
Abstract
We substantiate the necessity of the formation of socio-cultural competence among high school students in foreign language lessons through authentic feature films. We carry out the analysis of the concept of “sociocultural competence”, its aspect composition (axiological, informational, activity), levels (critical, adaptive and productive), reflecting the formation of sociocultural competence in high school students, and criteria (motivation, cognition, functionality and behavior) are determined, based on which these levels are highlighted. We consider the issues of using the technology of blended learning in teaching foreign languages. The main focus is on the selection of educational technology “flipped class”, which is referred to as blended learning models. The teaching model based on the inverted classroom technology consists of the following components: updated content, interactive methods, organizational forms, means of traditional and distance learning and a set of independently developed tasks and exercises for three stages of working with feature films (interrogation, viewing, post-viewing). The testing of this complex is carried out within the framework of a specially conducted pedagogical experiment, as a result of which the complex has confirmed its effectiveness. We prove that methodologically well-organized work on the formation of socio-cultural competence among high school students in foreign language lessons through authentic feature films makes the process of teaching a foreign language creative and constructive.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):73-80
73-80
Model of teaching the stylistic aspect of foreign language communication in the process of secondary general education
Abstract
This study is devoted to the development of a model of teaching the stylistic aspect of foreign language communication in the process of secondary general education. The results of theoretical research and accumulated experience show that the stylistic aspect of foreign language communication plays a huge role in foreign language education at high school. However, students experience difficulties in applying stylistic techniques and tropes, which leads to a decrease in the quality of foreign language communication. This fact indicates the relevance of this study. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the development of the main theoretical approaches and principles that ensure the effectiveness of the proposed model implementation. The leading approaches are highlighted such as personal-activity, communicative, communicative-cognitive, socio-cultural and integrative. The main principles are the principle of scientific character, the principle of accessibility and feasibility, the principle of connection between theory and practice, the principle of systematicity and consistency, the principle of visibility, the principle of conscious and active participation. This study proposes a model of teaching the stylistic aspect of foreign language communication in the process of secondary general education based on a comparative analysis of stylistic means and functions in the native and foreign languages. The obtained results of the work can be used in the process of developing curricula and creating manuals for high school students.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):81-89
81-89
The essence of formative assessment and its role in the foreign language teaching
Abstract
The main principles of constructivism (taking into account and developing the cognitive interests of students, encouraging mutual learning and activating peers as sources of learning), which underlie modern pedagogy and linguodidactics, are considered. A comparison of a traditional lesson and a lesson built on the principles of constructivism is carried out, it is shown how the essence of assessment and attitude towards it change at the present stage of development of education and in theory. Particular attention is paid to the problem of formative assessment, in particular, its specificity at different stages of training and the roles that are assigned in it to participants in the educational process – teacher, student and classmates are discussed. The definition of formative assessment is clarified and its various aspects are considered: the involvement of students in the process of goal-setting, self- and mutual control; the quality of the questions used by the teacher in the classroom and the quality of the feedback; subsequent use of the results of the final assessment for educational purposes. The functions of formative assessment are revealed. The levels of formative assessment (low, medium and high) are analyzed, the choice of which depends on the learning context. The relevance of formative assessment to educational results with an emphasis on the development of subject and meta-subject skills in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard of General Secondary Education is demonstrated.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):90-97
90-97
Analysis and typology of phonetic errors in the vocal speech of Italian speaking students
Abstract
The relevance of the undertaken research is explained by the fact that phonetic skills and the absence of the phenomenon of errors at this level are important when teaching Russian as a foreign language to Italian speaking students. Researchers M.N. Shutov and I.A. Orekhova paid attention to this importance in their in-depth studies and other scientists. The purpose of this research is to analyze and typology of the phenomenon of errors at the phonetic level of Italian speaking students when teaching Russian as a foreign language. We concluded that, in practice, a B1 level student in monologue and dialogical speech, faced with difficulty in placing stress in a word, tries to find an analogue in his native language in consciousness (uses pure interlingual interference at the phonetic level) or tries to stress a word (in Russian), taking into account familiar rules (depending on the level of proficiency in Russian as a foreign language).
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):98-106
98-106
Research of the goal system of an interactive form of education (on the example of teaching Russian as a foreign language in a Master’s Degree Programme)
Abstract
Interactive learning, according to a review of scientific and methodic literature, is the most effective way to optimize the educational process at different stages of its formation, and especially when teaching foreign languages and Russian as a foreign language. However, along with the highlighted values and advantages of interactive learning, there are a number of significant problems, the reason for which lies in insufficient attention to the systemic organization of the interactive learning process, which also creates an obstacle to building an effective management system for the evolution of this phenomenon. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns, conditions and factors that influence the formation and development of interactive learning. As a result of applying the methods of content analysis of literature and the categorical method “Order of goals”: 1) interactive learning is presented in the form of 3 categories (OK, Pk, IK), each of which reflects its qualitative certainty; 2) the goals of each category are determined; 3) a qualitative model of the object is constructed, where the interactive learning itself is a system, and the selected categories are subsystems; 5) revealed a typology of possible contradictions between the goals of each subsystem and the system as a whole; 6) predicted possible consequences and resolution of contradictions for the development of interactive learning. The results obtained make it possible to effectively resolve the contradictions arising in the system of goals of the object and between their carriers, and to create a model for managing the functioning of the interactive learning. It is concluded that the description of the methods of productive resolution of the revealed contradictions will allow building a qualitative process of training optimization, including foreign languages and Russian as a foreign language.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):107-119
107-119
Methods for teaching professional terminology in the context of distance learning
Abstract
The features of the methods for teaching professional terminology in a distance format are considered. The main components, means and principles on which the lessons are based are indicated. The most popular and functional online educational platforms are presented and described. In addition, we aim to present and structure the components of an online lesson that are essential for the successful and productive assimilation of new language material. The stages of work with professionally adapted text are considered in detail. Examples of assignments for all types of pre-text, during-text and post-text work are given. A generalized structure and characteristics of the main components of an online lesson when working with professional nomenclature are given. It is concluded that each section and aspect of the methods of foreign language teaching has its own characteristics of work associated with the stages and means used in the classroom, passing through the same stages as the classroom; that teaching the language of a specialty in the conditions of distance education can fully replace offline learning, provided that the material of the lesson is adequately selected, the correct step-by-step course of the lesson. The work is addressed to teachers of Russian as a foreign language, teachers of Russian as a non-native language in secondary school.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):120-125
120-125
Discussion as a mechanism for the development of students’ coherent oral Russian speech: theory and method
Abstract
The study is devoted to the consideration of the features of the development of coherent oral Russian speech of students in social reality. Many theoretical works are devoted to the study of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the development of coherent Russian speech, since correct, normalized speech allows you to effectively interact in all spheres of life. Without a high level of speech skills, it is impossible to argue and develop freely, speech should not be constrained, which, in turn, will allow a more thorough approach to the substantive side of the process of speech activity. In order to identify the level of development of oral Russian speech and solve problems, we present an analysis of pedagogical research in the form of a control discussion on a given topic. We also describe the basics of the working methods at the preparatory stage of the discussion as one of the forms for the implementation of coherent oral Russian speech. The results of the study showed that without preliminary preparation for oral utterance under the strict guidance of a teacher, students make a significant number of errors and shortcomings, among which we can especially note: lexical, punctuation, intonation, and logical. Based on the results of the study, we state that the most important components of the process of oral Russian speech development are pre-training and the teacher’s word, which has a significant positive effect on the development and development of students’ coherent oral speech. The theoretical and practical significance of the presented study lies, first of all, in the fact that it has a scientific and cognitive value.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):126-133
126-133
Inclusion of university students in social projects on civil and patriotic education of children and youth
Abstract
An urgent pedagogical problem is considered – the problem of including university students in social projects for the civil and patriotic education of children and youth. An analysis of concepts, interdisciplinary approaches (political science, sociological, psychological, pedagogical), legal documents (strategies, concepts, programs), best practices of organizing educational work in higher education in the civil and patriotic direction is presented. The groups of technologies of civil and patriotic education of student youth are determined: traditional, mixed, innovative. We highlight the leading technology of civil and patriotic education of student youth – inclusion in social projects. Cases and results of a qualitative assessment of students’ activities as implementers of their own projects of civil and patriotic education are shown. Testing of students’ achievements, expert assessment by employers showed the effectiveness of the project activities of students, taking into account their interests, the relationship with their future profession, the effectiveness of using the upbringing and educational potential of social partnership in the practice of civil and patriotic education, as well as the possibilities of intensification and prospects for the development of the process of civil and patriotic education students in the context of the application of innovative technologies and formats.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):134-140
134-140
Project as an effective technology for teaching students of creative specialties
Abstract
We discuss the process of using project technologies to develop professional competencies of students studying in creative specialties. The specificity of the organization of the educational process using project technologies is revealed, which allows organizing the activities of students with a focus on obtaining a specific creative product, attracting alternative resources, maintaining partnerships with various organizations and structures. The features of the project-oriented approach in the interaction of traditional and innovative principles in the creative self-realization of students are highlighted. The effectiveness of the process under consideration is based on the ability to build classes with students, taking into account their acquisition of certain skills and abilities, among which the most significant are: thought-activity, presentation, communication, search, information. Project technologies at the present stage of student learning are considered as one of the personality-oriented technologies that integrate a problematic approach, group methods, reflexive, presentational, research, search and other methods. It is noted that project activity allows solving the problem of youth readiness for active actions in a social environment, realizing the acquired knowledge and skills. Therefore, the development of project competence is one of the most important guidelines in the system of training students of creative specialties.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):141-148
141-148
General and speech development of preschool children as a basis for teaching initial reading
Abstract
According to the Federal State Educational Standard, the content of the educational program of preschool education should ensure the general and speech development of preschoolers. In connection with the requirement of the named document and the data of pedagogical science, the need for the development of coherent speech, vocabulary, the grammatical side of speech, the education of the sound culture of oral speech and other aspects of the general and speech development of children in the period of preparation for school is substantiated. Referring to the works of classical and modern methodic science, the researcher correlates the process of speech development of preschool children with the development of the motivational, cognitive, emotional-volitional sphere of the personality. The named areas of speech and general development of preschool children contribute to their preparation for learning to read in elementary school. The urgent problem of ensuring the continuity of preschool and primary education in the issue of teaching preschoolers and primary schoolchildren in initial reading is posed. The possibilities of using various methods of teaching initial reading, depending on the writing system, are analyzed. Conclusions on the problem under study are associated with the development of phonemic hearing, the formation of a broad orientation of children in linguistic reality, with the skills of sound analysis and synthesis. The novelty of the research is the idea of the possibility of special training and teaching older preschoolers to initial reading based on the development of a value attitude to language and speech during preschool childhood, on the basis of psychological and pedagogical diagnostics. Arguments in favor of preschool reading teaching are associated with sufficient general and verbal development of modern children.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):149-156
149-156
Boris Pavlovich Mansurov and the organization of the Russian presence in Holy Places (1857–1864)
Abstract
We analyze the circumstances of the creation of Russian Palestine, a unique phenomenon of Russian history and culture. The role of one of the main ideologists of the Russian presence in the Holy Land, B.P. Mansurov is shown. The relevance of the work is determined by a comprehensive study of the activities of state structures in organizing Russian pilgrims in the Orthodox East, recreating the stages of work on the Jerusalem project. The lack of research of the first stage of the development of Russian Palestine, insufficient attention to the issue, give the work a historiographic novelty. It is shown that the concept of presence in the region appeared in the Naval Ministry under the leadership of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. Attention is drawn to the contribution of B.P. Mansurov in justification and development of the program for the arrangement of Russian infrastructure in Jerusalem, the business of purchasing land and the construction of the Russian Compound. It is substantiated that the proposed by B.P. Mansurov, the project played the role of an important foreign policy program of Russia in the Orthodox East after the end of the Crimean War. It is revealed that the creation of the Russian pilgrimage and church infrastructure in the Holy Land opened a new stage in the development of the Russian presence in the region, strengthened the existing cultural and diplomatic ties between Russia and Palestine.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):157-168
157-168
Social and demographic image of Jewish revolutionaries (based on materials from the All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers)
Abstract
The work is devoted to the study of the generalized sociographic image of the cohort of Jewish revolutionaries. The participation of Jews in the revolution is seen as an integral part of the all-Russian revolutionary process. In the course of the study, the role and place of Jews in the Russian revolutionary movement in the late 19th – early 20th centuries was clarified and concretized. Thanks to the analysis of a personalized electronic database on Jewish revolutionaries, created on the basis of materials from the All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiled Settlers, the structure of social origin, level of education and type of activity of the left wing of politically active Jewry has been analyzed. The features of the political socialization of Jews, constrained by restrictive articles of Jewish legislation, are shown. We come to the conclusion that such a significant percentage of Jews in the revolutionary movement is explained both by the long-term development of the revolutionary liberation movement in the Pale of Settlement, and by the existence of numerous restrictions for representatives of the Jewish nationality.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):169-179
169-179
Animal husbandry in the structure of economic interests of Tambov landlords in the early 20th century
Abstract
We analyze the system of animal husbandry of Tambov landowners in the early 20th century. The transition from “manure” to “productive” (breeding for the purpose of obtaining meat and milk as the main, rather than by-products) cattle breeding is shown, which was facilitated by a steady increase in the price of animal products. The nature of the development of market animal husbandry, aimed at selling products outside their estate, county, governorate, as well as – in some cases – exports to European countries, is considered. By the early 20th century, the owners expanded the practice of improving the productivity of livestock at the expense of the best Russian and European breeds of cattle, due to limited resources, as a rule, resorting to its metization. It is established that this practice led to the conclusion of optimal breeds of cows, horses and sheep for the region in terms of the ratio of cost and adaptability to natural conditions and the feed base. In addition, metization allowed to increase the cost of animals, providing profit not only due to livestock products, but also the sale of animals. We describe the use of new forms of animal care that provided a reduction in the mortality of young animals, the fight against the spread of diseases affecting cattle and the improvement of livestock growth.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):180-188
180-188
“We retreated for a long time, silently...?” The Great Retreat of 1915 on the combat records of the units of the 7th Infantry Division of the 5th Army Corps
Abstract
We consider one of the most difficult periods of the First World War for the Russian army – the “Great Retreat” of 1915. The behavior of the officer corps and soldiers of four regiments of the 7th Infantry Division of the Imperial Army in the conditions of a large-scale retreat in June–September 1915 is studied. In the course of the study, it is found that the events of those days are covered in regimental records very subjectively. Their compilers entered data with varying degrees of completeness and accuracy, and sometimes left serious gaps in the chronology of events. Nevertheless, the obtained facts allowed us to draw ambiguous conclusions about this event in our history. There is a place for the manifestation of all the human traits that can be revealed in war. Soldiers and officers, finding themselves in different situations, could show courage and bravery, cowardice and weakness, determination and uncertainty. However, the general description of what is happening convinces us that the people who found themselves in these conditions remained faithful to the oath and fulfilled the tasks assigned to them. The Great retreat “did not bury” the Russian imperial army, which continued the struggle and only the circumstances that occurred within the state in two years will put an end to the history of its existence.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):189-201
189-201
The Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War in the Tambov region: state and research prospects. Part 1. On the problems of conceptualization, methodology and methods of studying the history of the Civil War in the Tambov Governorate
Abstract
The first part of this study examines the evolution and the current state of conceptualization and historiography of the “Antonovschina”, identifies the factors of the newest methodological and cognitive crisis in the study of the Civil War in Russia as a whole and its individual key, significant phenomena. In the second part of the study, proceeding from the principle of historicism, we propose our own conceptualization of the Civil War and the Tambov peasant uprisings as its “green” components, proceeding from the understanding of social history as a movement of a socio-natural hierarchical system that regulated the life of populations of any level. Civil War is presented as a rhythmic part of the phase of suppression of an overpopulated population by a complex of endogenous and exogenous factors of long (28-year, 112-year) natural-demographic cycles. The definitions of specific phenomena (“female attacks”, “demographic bag”, “Kotovsk case”, etc.), opened with the help of electronic databases (ED) in long continuous lines of sociographic information, are given. A method of marking the cyclic movement of different forms and channels of social aggression (activity) is proposed. The mechanism and manifestations of the work of the regulating socio-natural cycles are shown in tables and figures.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):202-220
202-220
Historical and criminological analysis of official crime among the personnel of the NKVD in 1941–1945 (based on the materials of the Far Eastern region)
Abstract
On the basis of documentary sources, most of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the problem of the commission of malfeasance by officers of the NKVD of the Far East in the period 1941–1945 is analyzed. The relevance and practical significance of the study is due to the valuable historical experience that was gained by the law enforcement system of the state in the emergency conditions of wartime, including in the field of ensuring discipline and legality. The conclusion is substantiated that among the causes and conditions of official criminality in the NKVD bodies during the war years, the shortage of high-quality personnel and the growing deterioration of the material situation of personnel, together with shortcomings in the systems of professional training, educational work and ensuring their own security, were of decisive importance. Among the criminological features of official criminality of this period, the following are noted: an increase in the number of crimes related to the illegal release of citizens from military service and other restrictions and obligations imposed by law; the specificity of the subject of criminal encroachments; high latency.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):227-237
227-237
Historical development of the state policy of Russia in the sphere of increasing the well-being of the population
Abstract
The work is devoted to the study of the state policy of Russia in the field of improving the welfare of the population, changes in its influence on the welfare of the country’s population in different periods of history. We consider various interpretations of the concept of welfare, their changes in the course of history. We conclude that the state policy to ensure and improve the wellbeing of the population was constantly subject to transformation and reorientation depending on the level of society development, the nature of social relations, the political system, the state system, the priority of external and internal problems. It is determined that in the population welfare system a special place is occupied by the income category, as one of the indicators characterizing the quantitative aspect of the population’s welfare. The nature of state policy in different periods had a direct impact on the situation in the sphere of the population’s well-being. Particular attention is paid to the fact that a sharp change in the state policy in the field of population welfare from the command-administrative methods of the Soviet period to the almost complete “withdrawal” of the state from the social sphere in the 1990s, caused a noticeable decline in welfare, especially the incomes of most of the population of Russia, the negative consequences of radical political changes are felt in early 21st century.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):238-245
238-245
Food crisis in Vienna in recent years World War I 1916–1918
Abstract
The food crisis in Vienna in 1916–1918, the capital of Austria-Hungary in the last years of the First World War, is considered. It was at the final stage of the First World War that one of the most acute problems that arose in every belligerent country – food. It became impossible to ignore the deficit, which both the imperial and the city authorities tried to do in the first two years of the Great War. The scarcity of the most essential food was highlighted by such veils as endless queues in city markets, the growth of crime and child theft. By 1917, the food crisis in Vienna entered an acute phase. The main reasons for the crisis were: disruption of transport links, narrowing of cultivated areas due to the lack of male workers, procurement of food for the front, unfavorable market conditions for suppliers of agricultural products. The processes caused by martial law have led to an exorbitant rise in the cost of living, shortages, speculation on the black market. The government, in turn, did not have a specific plan to deal with an acute shortage of material resources, shortages, rising prices, but at the same time significantly limited the rights and powers of citizens. In these conditions, there was a weakening of the physical strength and morale of the urban population, which led to massive strikes and demonstrations.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):246-253
246-253
The accession of the Second Republic of Austria to the UN after the end of World War II (1955)
Abstract
We examine the problems that occupied the main place in Austria’s foreign policy in the mid-1950s of 20th century and characterized its role in international relations during the specified period. The role of Austria in the international arena has increased the country’s entry into the path of neutrality. It also opened up wide opportunities for it to participate in the activities of various international organizations extensively. Using the method of source analysis, the active participation of Austria in the work of the UN is considered, its authority and support for the sufficient work of this organization, which allowed it to be elected for three years as a member of the main body of the UN – a member of the Economic and Social Council in 1963 and 1976, in 1973 and 1974 – a member of the UN security, and in 1972 it became a permanent member of the UN Security Council. According to Austria’s first statement to the Security Council, the country planned to provide the widest possible extent of its impartial services to the UN’s main political body, using the wide opportunities given to it by its independence and neutrality. Having analyzed the main directions and aspects of Austrian foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century, we conclude that, having adopted a justified course in foreign policy in 1955, based on permanent neutrality, the Second Austrian Republic further has provided the guarantee and basis of its independence.
Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities. 2021;26(193):254-261
254-261