№ 1 (2025)
Vegetable growing
Field resistance of common beans to a complex of pathogens under the influence of biopriming in the Moscow region
Аннотация
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are one of the most important legumes in the world. The main factor preventing the cultivation of beans in the conditions of the Moscow region is the lack of varieties adapted for cultivation. However, the widespread spread of bean culture is hindered by various diseases and abiotic stressors, which significantly reduce (up to 40% or more) the productivity of plants and the quality of their products. Beans are affected by fungal, bacterial and viral diseases. Of the fungal diseases, anthracnose, fusarium, white and gray rot, powdery mildew are the most harmful. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of biopriming on the field resistance of beans to a complex of pathogens. As a result of studying the effect of various biopriming options on the field resistance of beans to a complex of pathogens in the conditions of the Central part of the floodplain of the Moskva – Bykovsky River extension, Rhizobium leguminosarum and Arctic Nitrogen + Arctic Phosphorus were isolated. These options for pre-sowing seed treatment contribute to curbing the development of a complex of pathogens, since the average lesion score over three years of follow-up is on average 1.2, which is characterized by a poorly susceptible group. The use of biopriming has improved the overall yield relative to the control. The maximum yield indicators were noted with the use of Rhizobium leguminosarum in all years of the study, in 2022 the increase relative to the control was 30.6%, in 2023–28.8%, and in 2024–40.5%. The use of Arcsoil Nitrogen + Arcsoil Phosphorus allowed to increase yields by 19.5%. In 2022 and 2023, biopriming with Azotovite +Phosphatovite and Arksoil Nitrogen + Arksoil Phosphorus preparations provided an increase in yield of 12 and 13%, respectively. In 2024, the use of Azotovite + Phosphatovite provided a yield of 2.69 kg/m2, which is 17.4% higher than the control, and the use of Arksoil Nitrogen + Arksoil Phosphorus increased yields by 19.5%.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):16-22
16-22
Yield and quality of onions using organic, mineral fertilizers and growth stimulators
Аннотация
The results of a comparative assessment of the yield and quality of onion products with the use of mineral fertilizers and three types of organic fertilizers (composts based on cattle manure, horse manure and poultry manure) are presented. The studies were conducted in 2020–2022 on the experimental field of the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry of ARRIVG- branch of FSBSI FSVC (Ramensky District, Moscow Region). The soils of the experimental plot are saturated alluvial meadow soils. The object of the study is the Forward onion variety. Agrochemical and biochemical analyzes were performed in the laboratory of agrochemistry of ARRIVG- branch of FSBSI FSVC. Weather conditions in 2020–2022 were generally favorable for the growth and development of onions. The purpose of our work: to study the effect of various types of organic fertilizers and growth regulators, in comparison with mineral fertilizer, in the cultivation of one of the most important agricultural crops - onions. The maximum total yield was obtained in the variant with the use of biocompost based on chicken manure (62.3 t/ha), the increase to the control was 16.9%, with the share of standard products - 97% of the total; the yield of standard products was also the highest in this variant (21% of the control). Comparison of the average standard yield for three variants of the experiment of the organic (biological) fertilization system with the mineral one showed the advantage of the organic one, it was 10.1% higher, and exceeded the control by 17.8%. In the variant with Argolan, the standard yield was 8.8% higher than in the variant with the mineral fertilization system and the same as the average for all organic variants. Top dressing according to the results of plant nutrition diagnostics was more effective than according to the results of soil diagnostics, the increase in the standard yield to the control was 13% and 7%, respectively. In relation to soil diagnostics, leaf diagnostics is 5.2% more effective.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):23-26
23-26
Application of active carbon for neutralization of herbicide residue in soil
Аннотация
The development of soil detoxification technology from pesticide residues is an important aspect of greening crop production. The aim of the work was to develop active carbons for detoxification of farmland soils from herbicide residues. It is shown that activated carbons, due to their physico-chemical properties, are unique and ideal sorption materials that allow solving a wide range of issues of ensuring chemical and biological safety of humans, the environment and infrastructure. The characteristic of the porous structure of activated carbons is given. A method of carbon adsorption detoxification of soils is proposed by introducing activated carbon into herbicide-contaminated soil in doses of 100–200 kg/ha, followed by sealing to a depth of 5–8 cm and sowing seeds of crops after 3–5 days. It is shown by the example of a number of vegetable crops (cucumber, beetroot, radish, tomato) that the use of activated carbons in doses of 100 kg/ha can increase yields on agricultural land contaminated with herbicide residues by 20–80%, depending on the type of cultivated crops. Another important result of the use of carbon adsorption detoxification of soils contaminated with herbicides is the exclusion of the accumulation of herbicides in crop production, which allows you to obtain a harvest of dietary condition and fully ensure the implementation of Federal Law No280-Federal Law dated 08/03/2018 «On Organic Products and on Amendments to certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation». The types of activated carbons of soil application of the Agrosorb brand are given; the expected ecological and economic effect of their use is estimated.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):27-31
27-31
Damage of tuberous and root crops by soil-inhabiting insects in the North-West of Russia
Аннотация
The comparative preference of tubers and root crops of different species and varieties of food and other crops for wireworms – larvae of click beetles (Coleoptera, Elateridae) and caterpillars of biting moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) was studied. Studies were conducted in 2022-2024 on the fields of FGBNU VIZR in Pushkin, Tosnensky and Gatchinsky districts of the Leningrad Region. The experimental plots were annually planted with 40-50 potato varieties, 4-6 samples of table beets, carrots and dahlias each; the plot in Tosnensky district was located near a perennial array of Jerusalem artichoke. Food preferences of pests were compared according to 3 indices of damage to underground plant organs, the main of which was the percentage of damaged tubers or rootlets in the harvested crop. The dependence of the degree of infestation of the field by wireworms and moth caterpillars mainly on the abundance and species composition of weed and flowering meadow vegetation in and around the crop, as this determines the attractiveness of the site for additional feeding of adult insects and egg-laying by them. According to average indices of damage of different crops, potato tubers are the most preferred for feeding of wireworms (on average from 18 to 43 % of damaged tubers), then tubers of topinambur (12 - 23 %), table beet roots (4 – 13 %) and dahlia tubers (4 – 9 %). For moth caterpillars in V-VI ages, no significant differences in their preference for one or another crop were revealed. However, damage of underground organs of any crop by wireworms and moth caterpillars differs many times in different varieties and forms at any level of pest abundance. Damage of carrot root crops by pests of both groups was not observed. Based on the results of the evaluation in 2022-2024. 24 previously unstudied potato varieties, 7 new varieties, poorly damaged by wireworms or moth caterpillars, were identified, of which 3 varieties (Ariel, Belmonda and Competitor) have group resistance to the named pests.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):32-37
32-37
Potato growing
Development of potato breeding and seed production in the Russia
Аннотация
For a long period of time, the Russian Federation has remained one of the leaders in potato production in the world, ranking sixth in terms of cultivated area (1.1 million hectares) and seventh in terms of gross harvest (19.3 million tons). At the same time, the average potato yield in Russia remains below the global average. Potatoes are the second largest producer in Russia after cereals and are of strategic importance for the country's food security. Further development of large-scale potato production provides for a well-established system for providing potato-growing agricultural enterprises, peasant (farming) farms and individual entrepreneurs with high-quality seed material of domestic varieties. As part of the implementation of the FNTP subprogram «Development of potato breeding and seed production in 2017-2030», effective measures are being taken to develop the potato industry. Competitive domestic potato varieties of various target uses have been created, the genetic diversity of bioresource collections has been expanded, a database of DNA markers has been formed for mass use in potato breeding programs and seed production, methods for diagnosing phytopathogens have been developed and highly sensitive test systems based on PCR technologies have been created, educational programs on regulatory regulation and quality assessment of seed potatoes have been developed. In the near future, the innovative development of the potato industry largely depends on the successful fulfillment of priority tasks: accelerated promotion of new domestic varieties to the market, increasing production and quality of seed material, increasing potato yields and marketability, developing processing and stimulating the implementation of effective investment projects to create modern high-tech processing enterprises with the production of large volumes of a wide range of potato products, development of the potato and potato products market infrastructure, including the creation of regional and interregional logistics centers. In the long term, the implementation of these priorities, taking into account the interests of all market participants, will allow for the proportional and balanced development of all links in the technological chain of the potato industry.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):38-42
38-42
Creation of new source material for potato breeding in the conditions of the Omsk region
Аннотация
The purpose of this study is to search for sources of the main economically valuable traits and the creation of new hybrid populations based on the study of the source material in the field conditions of the forest–steppe zone of Western Siberia. The article presents the results of using the most promising potato varieties of domestic and foreign breeding in hybridization, which stood out during the study of the collection nursery. The research was carried out in 2022-2024 at the experimental site of the Omsk Agricultural Research Center, located in the southern forest-steppe zone. The varieties of domestic, foreign and selected «Omsk ANTS» were used as the material for the study. The area of the experimental plots was 10 m2of each variety. The repetition of the experience is one-time. The soil is medium loamy chernozem. The technology of growing potato varieties in the parent nursery included autumn winter plowing to a depth of 27-30 cm, spring milling to 20 cm. The planting was carried out in the first decade of May to a depth of 8-10 cm. The number of N:P:K was 200:120:150 based on soil fertility. The humus content in the 0-20 cm layer was 7%, nitrate nitrogen – 12-15 mg /kg, mobile phosphorus – 150-170 mg / kg, potassium - 300-330 mg/kg according to Chirikov, pH – 7. Drip irrigation was used at the site. Crosses were carried out as the buds of the varieties of the parent forms opened in the months of June and July. When selecting parent varieties for crossing, their economic value and plasticity were taken into account. Special attention was paid to resistance to stress factors and the quality of tubers. Among the main maternal forms, the varieties Antonina, Irbitsky, Roko, Sokur, Luck were used, as pollinators – Irbitsky, Gala, Alyona, Lyubava, Luck. The most valuable for breeding are hybrid combinations of Colombo = Irbitskiy, Gala = Irbitskiy, Irbitskiy = Gala, Roko × Gala, Sokur × Gala, Antonina × Gala and Alyona × Irbitskiy. In all three years of research, the best parent form is the Irbitskiy variety. Hybrid 27-22 (Irbit × Gala) is included in the 2024 competitive trial.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):43-46
43-46
Breeding and seed growing
Biometric indicators and productivity of leaf rosettes of various basil cultivars in the open ground (Krasnodar Territory)
Аннотация
Basil is a popular spice crop grown by commercial producers and amateur gardeners. Varieties of purple basil type are mainly widespread. However, there are currently other interesting basil varieties that are little known. Cultivation of the new varieties of this crop will increase diversity of commercial basil products. To do this, it is necessary to study and compare varieties of different basil types. The research was carried out in the OOO “Research Institute of Vegetable Crop Breeding” on the basis of the “Gavrish-Krymsk” breeding center in open field. The growing period was in May-August 2023-2024. Comparison of the productivity of commercial leaves from one plant and the biometric indicators of the rosettes, shoots and leaf blades of basil varieties of different varietal types was made. It was revealed that the higher mass of commercial leaves per plant was in basil varieties Cosmos (285.6 grams), Buterbrodnyy List - (230.3 grams) and Luchano (228.5 grams), which reliably exceeded this characteristic for the standard variety Rosie (159.0 grams). The lowest mass of commercial leaves was noted for the variety Buket Neapolya (123.0 grams). Variety Zhigolo igolo had the mass of commercial leaves at the standard level. The number of plant shoots in the studied varieties ranged from 10.4 to 23.8 pcs. The maximum number of shoots was noted in Cosmos variety (23.8 shoots). The leaf length of the studied varieties ranged from 2.6 to 8.4 cm. The maximum leaf length was found in varieties Buterbrodnyy List (8.4 cm), Luchano (7.7 cm) and Zhigolo (7.5 cm). The leaf width in the test ranged from 1.1 to 6.1 cm. The maximum leaf width was noted for Buterbrodnyy List variety (6.1 cm).
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):47-51
47-51
Analysis of the problems affecting Russia vegetable seeds supply
Аннотация
With the adoption of Federal Law No. 454-FL of December 30, 2021 «On Seed Production» and related regulations, financial and administrative pressure on all operators of the vegetable crop breeding and seed production market has significantly increased. Today, for example, the members of the AIRSC feel regulatory instability in the field of vegetable crop breeding and seed production, excessive requirements in the field of plant quarantine, as well as bureaucratic pressure from regulatory authorities at all stages of production, import, export and sale of seeds. In this regard, the protection of the interests of the community of breeders and seed growers of vegetable crops on the sites of government organizations and institutions is becoming very important. Measures that are necessary: the restriction of price increases for mandatory services of the Federal State Budgetary Institutions subordinate to the Rosselkhoznadzor; the removal of administrative barriers caused by the imposition of illegal sanctions against the Russian Federation by unfriendly states when importing and exporting batches of seeds from the Russian Federation; interaction with authorized structures of the Federation Council and the State Duma to promote legislative initiatives of the Association's participants; reforming the activities of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «State Commission»; exclusion of seed storage sites from State control; eliminating the need for genetic control each time during seed quality certification; overcoming the barriers created by the introduction of the Federal State Information System «Seed Production» and eliminating the shortcomings of this information system; improving a number of articles and provisions of Federal Law No. 454-FL, taking into account the specifics of the vegetable crop breeding and seed production industry; improving state support measures for the vegetable crop breeding and seed production industry. The purpose of this article is to analyze the problems of the community of plant breeders and seed growers of vegetable crops that arise on the sites of government organizations and institutions, as well as to find ways to form an effective market for vegetable seeds in Russia.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):54-57
54-57
Selection results for white cabbage for the North Caucasus region
Аннотация
Agrofirma Poisk LLC is a participant in the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Vegetable Crops Breeding and Seed Production. Large-scale breeding work on white cabbage has been launched in the company since 2005 and at the moment 24 hybrids of different ripeness groups have been created. These hybrids provide a pipeline of fresh and recycled products throughout the year. White cabbage F1Universe, F1 Poisk 2018, F1 Duchess is especially popular. The purpose of our work was: to evaluate the created new hybrids of white cabbage in the conditions of the Levashinsky district of the Republic of Dagestan according to economically useful characteristics and to identify the best of them for the North Caucasus region. The company began testing its new breeding cabbage varieties in the Republic of Dagestan starting in 2020. The article provides information on the results of variety testing of white cabbage in the Levashinsky District of the Republic of Dagestan. New breeding hybrids of cabbage served as the Material for the study. All tested hybrids are based on CMS, have a late ripening period, and have good keeping quality of heads during winter storage. As a result of research conducted in 2022-2024, it was revealed that the average yield of hybrids was 97,07-159,25t/ha. One of the best developments in the conditions of the Levashinsky district, which meets the needs of producers, is F1 Poisk 6, with a yield of 119-163,1 t/ha. Heads are aligned and uniform in weight and shape. In 2024, an application was submitted for registration of the white cabbage hybrid F1 Kavkaz 05 in the State register of breeding achievements allowed for cultivation in the Russian Federation. State-owned variety testing will take place within the framework of the FNTP in the North Caucasus region.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(1):58-60
58-60