No 4 (2025)

This article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of current trends and challenges in the legal regulation of agrobiotechnology in the context of the global transition from classical transgenesis to site-directed genome editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9. The relevance of the study is due to the rapid development of these technologies, which offer new opportunities for food security, climate change adaptation and sustainable agricultural development, but face diverse and often outdated legal regimes. The aim of the work is to identify and systematize key models of legal regulation of the turnover of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genomic editing products in countries that are leading producers of agricultural products, as well as features, common features and patterns in the development of legal regulation in this area using the example of the agricultural sector. Based on the comparative legal method, the legal systems of the United States, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, the European Union, China, India, and the Russian Federation in this area have been studied. The analysis made it possible to identify three dominant regulatory approaches: a product-oriented model (USA, Canada), a flexible model stimulating innovation (Brazil, Argentina), and a model based on strict application of the precautionary principle (EU, China, India, Russia). Special attention is paid to the legal status of organisms obtained using genome editing technologies that do not contain foreign DNA. Recent legislative initiatives aimed at differentiating their regulation from classical GMOs, in particular, the new EU Regulation on new Genomic techniques (NGTs), have been investigated. In conclusion, the main trends are summarized, which include the transition from regulating the creation process to evaluating the characteristics of the final product, as well as the formation of simplified procedures for genome editing products. It is revealed that the lack of international harmonization in this area remains the main barrier to the development of innovation. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop a detailed and balanced regulatory framework in Russia that would ensure biosafety without hindering scientific and technological progress in the agricultural sphere.

The object of this study is the mental transformations associated with the formation of a unified national mentality. The subject of the research is the value orientations of the contemporary political and cultural elite of the Republic of Indonesia. The aim of the work is to analyze the value priorities of the contemporary Indonesian elite as constructive factors in the formation of national mentality and political identity. An understanding of the peculiarities of identity formation in Indonesia is provided. Factors of its formation, such as migration, the struggle for liberation, and the ideology of Pancasila, are reflected. The cultural specificity of Indonesian society is demonstrated as the interaction of regional cultures in Indonesia and the cultures of other countries. The processes of assimilation and acculturation are reflected. It is shown that ethnic diversity is a source of problems in the process of formation of the national mentality of Indonesians. A definition of mentality is provided. The substantive content of the phenomenon of mentality by Indonesian politicians is revealed. The methodological basis of the study was the mental approach (O. V. Kolesova), which makes it possible to interpret mentality as a structure including biological, psychological, social, and cultural elements. The systems approach (D. Easton) made it possible to present new value orientations of the modern Indonesian elite from the perspective of a system that ensures political priorities. The novelty of the study lies in the following: the political identity of Indonesians is formed under the influence of cultural factors that transform mentality; the formation of national mentality is correlated with the values positioned by the modern Indonesian elite. The vision of Indonesian national identity as perceived by Indonesian leaders is presented. Common aspects are positioned in the understanding of the cultural field as a struggle for various forms of capital and the understanding of identity politics as the competitive positioning of various social groups in the pursuit of preferences. Types of identity criteria are distinguished: economic and cultural. The criteria of identity of Indonesian society are positioned as cultural. The cultural specificity of Indonesians is demonstrated in relation to religious preferences. An understanding of the influence of religion on the formation of political views is provided. The ambivalence of religious identity criteria in Indonesia is revealed. The value orientations of the Indonesian political and cultural elite are identified as constructive factors in the formation of national mentality and political identity. Conclusions are formulated regarding the correspondence of the Indonesian elite's value orientations with the objectives of shaping the national mentality and corresponding political identity. Recommendations are provided for the development of educational and cultural programs aimed at shaping the national mentality and political identity of Indonesians.

The article is dedicated to the study of the problem of access to information about issued documents on education and/or qualifications, training documents through a specialized federal information system. The topic is relevant because the resource, once put into operation, does not fully meet the tasks for which it was developed. As a result, educational organizations and archival institutions continue to receive requests to confirm the issuance of a document on education and/or qualifications, training documents to the person indicated as the holder. The subject of the research includes the norms of Russian legislation in the field of regulating the functioning of the information system "FRDO," law enforcement practices, as well as the works of domestic legal scholars. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization), as well as specialized legal methods (formal legal). The scientific novelty of the research is due to the fact that it shows the current state of the "FRDO" information system. Based on judicial practice, it was proven that the existence of this resource has not sufficiently resolved the problem of timely access to information about issued documents on education and/or qualifications, training documents. This circumstance hinders the introduction and implementation of preventive measures for recording professional unsuitability for a position (work) due to the absence of the appropriate education and/or qualifications. As a result of the research, it is proposed to take actions to improve the access mechanism to information about issued documents on education and/or qualifications, training documents. It should begin with the requirement to enter information about the mentioned documents into the "FRDO" information system before issuing them to the holders. The registration number of the entry in the register, automatically assigned on the resource, should be indicated on the document forms.

The author examines in detail the relevant issues of the impact of the information revolution on modern political science. The speed of transformation of processes occurring in the contemporary informational world is such that it has a significant influence on all aspects of modern society, primarily in the political sphere. This, in turn, necessitates a relevant theoretical justification for the most likely vectors of development in political science. In this regard, the work explores the approaches of Russian and foreign authors concerning trends and prospects for the development of information and communication systems and their influence on the political life of society and scientific research directions. The author also studies the issues that generate new dependencies and other principles of interaction between political power, the individual, and society. Questions are raised about the transition from a state-centric to a network-centric world. The methodological basis of the conducted research is the inductive method of cognition, based on empirical data. General systems, comparative, and neo-institutional approaches were used for the study. An analysis of practical and theoretical propositions, synthesis of opinions, overview of statistics, and general and specific methods of cognition were conducted. The main conclusions of the scientific work highlight the positive aspects of the informatization process in various spheres of activity. They identify relevant threats associated with the development of information systems and communication means. They determine the prospects for their further transformation as well as their influence on political processes. They provide an understanding that information prompts people to political participation and fosters interaction and understanding among individuals. At the same time, the author concludes about the ambivalent nature of the process of world informatization, the formation of a special value matrix in the virtual computerized environment that directly influences reality, and the emergence of a new, complex-to-understand and embody in real life, information and communication function of the state. This, in turn, proves the necessity for further study of the digital political reality.

The subject of the research is the transformation of the concept of "independent journalism" under conditions of digital control and algorithmization of the media space. The object of the study is quasi-independent media (BBC, CNN, Deutsche Welle, Al Jazeera), which declare autonomy but, in fact, function as elements of the architecture of network governance of perception. The author examines in detail the mechanisms of media dependence on state and corporate structures, including funding, appointment of leadership, editorial culture, and ideological conformity. Special attention is given to the concept of "algorithmic truth" – a state in which the credibility of information is determined by its visibility in a digital ecosystem controlled by platform recommendation systems, rather than by editorial standards. The role of the media in information wars, the hybridization of media, functional merging with governing bodies, and the mechanisms of projecting soft power through cognitive correction of public consciousness are discussed. The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of international media systems, utilizing approaches from political economy of media, sociology of journalism, and network society theory. Structural-functional and critical-discursive approaches are applied. The scientific novelty lies in the conceptualization of two phenomena: "algorithmic truth" – a state where credibility is determined by visibility in a digital ecosystem rather than by editorial standards, and "network autocracy of perception" – a hybrid form of power where democratic media become unwitting agents of governance through access control. For the first time, it is systematically shown that quasi-independent media (BBC, CNN, DW, Al Jazeera) do not operate as intermediaries but as elements of the architecture of network power, where power does not suppress but programs context. Conclusions: the ideal of independent journalism has lost its significance; freedom of speech has transformed into programmable freedom of perception; traditional mechanisms of democratic control have been neutralized; network autocracy of perception distributes power between the state, corporations, and platforms; algorithmic truth has replaced objectivity; the invisibility of information has become equivalent to its disappearance; the media have turned into a tool for cognitive correction and stabilization of the political order.

The subject of the study is the potential of Muslim religious organizations as subjects of social prevention of radicalism. The object of the research is the peculiarities of social prevention of radicalism in the Muslim religious environment. In the article, the author examines the content and correlation of the concepts of "radicalism", "extremism", and "terrorism". In this regard, radicalization is characterized as a socio-psychological process, its causes and consequences. Along with this, the peculiarities of the activities of agents of destructive influence are revealed and the possibilities of Muslim religious organizations as subjects of social prevention of radicalism are analyzed. The author pays special attention to the role of primary social prevention in the Muslim religious environment, which can create a kind of "immunity" to radical influences. In this regard, the social functions of religion in general and, in particular, the social functions of Muslim religious organizations are considered. The base of the study was made up of regulatory legal acts and official websites of Muslim religious organizations. The empirical basis of the study are : the results of a case analysis of audio materials of lectures on pseudo-Islamic topics, expert interviews with representatives of the National Islamic Charitable Foundation "Yardam-help". The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the concept of social prevention is revealed in the context of the urgent tasks of preventing radicalism and extremism, its levels are meaningfully characterized, and the potential of Muslim religious organizations as subjects of primary and secondary social prevention is shown. From the perspective of an interdisciplinary approach, a number of measures have been proposed to develop the activities of relevant religious organizations, which should involve reputable Muslim religious figures with extensive experience in socially oriented activities, Islamic scholars, as well as specialists in interdisciplinary research and practice. The results of this work are applicable by political figures in order to improve the social climate, employees of various Muslim religious organizations in order to develop socially oriented activities, teachers and educators in order to educate and enlighten.

The subject of the research is the influence of Internet subcultures on the transformation of spiritual values among contemporary youth in the context of digital culture development. The study examines Internet subcultures as a specific form of network identity based on horizontal communication, meme-based symbolism and digital interaction patterns. It is shown that participation in online communities leads to the rethinking of traditional spiritual and moral orientations, the transformation of behavioural models, and the formation of new forms of symbolic and cultural self-identification. The analysis focuses on mechanisms of value transformation emerging within digital subcultures, including accelerated mediatization, symbolic reduction, multi-layered identity, and normalization of deviant practices. The research also identifies risks associated with toxic, radical and deviant online groups — value fragmentation, distortion of moral norms, decrease in spiritual resilience and risk of radicalization. Particular attention is paid to preventive approaches aimed at the preservation of youth spiritual integrity through the development of digital literacy, support of positive online practices, strengthening of cultural and educational institutions, and creation of a safe media environment. The methodological framework is based on systemic, cultural and sociological approaches, combined with comparative and content analysis of Internet communities, elements of discourse analysis, and axiological assessment tools for evaluating value transformation among youth. The scientific novelty lies in conceptualizing Internet subcultures as a key mechanism of spiritual value transformation in the digital era and in revealing dual effects of online participation: the digital environment simultaneously forms creative potential, social cooperation and new models of civic spirituality, while also producing risks of identity fragmentation, depreciation of moral guidelines and normalization of deviant behaviour. The study clarifies how meme-driven communication, rapid symbolic exchange and multi-vector identity construction redefine the spiritual landscape of youth, weakening intergenerational value continuity and shifting moral decision-making into a situational and emotionally reactive domain. It is demonstrated that risks decrease under conditions of systemic prevention which includes digital competence development, cultural and educational programs, institutional support for constructive media practices and creation of a protective online infrastructure. The findings may be used in educational policy, media education programs and further interdisciplinary research on youth value transformation in the digital age.