Vol 27, No 6 (2022)

The trade and economic relations of the peoples of the Eastern Caucasus (the peoples of Daghestan) with the Russian government in the 17th century are considered. The purpose of the study is to show the economic contacts of the Russian government with mentioned peoples, to consider the ways in which trade relations were carried out, to pay attention to the obstacles that arose on the way of travelers. The main scientific methods are used in the work – the method of description, synthesis, the principle of objectivity, etc. The study substantiates the importance of economic contacts of the Russian government with the peoples of the Caucasus, which was associated with the international situation in the Caucasian Near-Asian region. The role of the Volga-Caspian route as the main trade highway, the opening of which contributed to the inclusion of Daghestan rulers in the commodity exchange of Rus with the countries of the East, is indicated. The growth of trade and economic ties was noted, the persons who took part in trade were indicated, the range of goods that the peoples of the Eastern Caucasus purchased and sold was shown, the goods that were part of the “reserved goods” were marked (special permission from the Russian government was required for their purchase), the types of duties that existed for trading people were indicated.

The goal is to introduce into scientific circulation a valuable archival document that has the status of an official note. Procedure and methods: retrospective allowed to create a picture of the state of education in the Vilna region at the end of the 19th century, to trace the trends of its development, starting from antiquity. Chronological – helps to highlight the main stages in the development of education. The author of the note rightly considers the transformations of Peter the Great to be the milestone in its development. System analysis allows us to highlight the negative features of the development of education in a specific region of Russia and the lack of measures taken by officials to organize purposeful work. The most important idea, the relevance of which is difficult to overestimate in our time, is emphasized – about the interdependence of education and people's self-consciousness. Unfortunately, the processes of Polonization and Catholicization were not opposed by new ideological attitudes within the Russian Empire.

The study of the mobilization companies of the Russian-Japanese War 1904–1905, World War I (1914–1918) and World War II (1939–1945) World Wars allows to reconstruct the features of the relationship between the state and the individual, the government and society, military institutions and civil administrations through the prism of mental illnesses of the population in the Russian Empire and the USSR. The description of the factors and conditions that allowed conscripts who had various mental pathologies to enter the active army clarifies the development and traditions of not only domestic medicine, but also important reasons for heroic deeds or possible war crimes (desertion, refusal to carry out orders, etc.). The main diseases of conscripts have been identified, which indicates certain mental pathologies of the Russian socium. The methodological features of the study of the stated problems are based on the author’s concept of attracting the works of contemporaries, primarily specialists in the field of psychiatry, medical practitioners of the Tambov region, as well as medical histories and anamnesis of mental illness. In this context, the conducted research has a good prospect of multifactorial and interregional study of the stated scientific problem. The results of the study allow us to conclude that conscription companies in the Russian Empire and the USSR provided a sound formation of military posts and formations, however, there were serious shortcomings in the work of medical commissions to identify mental illnesses in the mobilized. The conclusion about the importance of studying the gender aspects of mobilization activities, as well as the analysis of the health status of volunteers, is quite obvious. The results of the study of military conscription in the first half of the twentieth century are quite representative and allow for a new assessment and improvement of modern private mobilizations in the Russian Federation. The consequences of conscription companies on the peaceful civilian population, who experienced the most powerful psychological shocks and had their own psychiatric anamnesis, were studied.

The organization and existence of manor libraries in pre-revolutionary Russia as a condition for the transmission and dissemination of the culture of reading among the nobility remains an important issue of study and thus remains relevant at the present time. The pre-revolutionary historiography of the book collecting of estate owners, dedicated to estate libraries, both at the allRussian and at the regional level, is considered. The features of the formation and development of book collections are characterized, the problems of studying the circle of reading of the nobles are indicated. The aspects of the influence of the socio-political situation on the study of book collections, which were most affected in the 20–60s of 20th century are indicated. The modern stage of development of the historiography of the noble manor libraries of the Central Black Earth Region, including the distribution of foreign book collections in them, is analyzed. The applied analytical and interpretive method made it possible to “inscribe” the personal libraries (or their fragments) of the region into the general panorama of scientific ideas about the phenomenon of a personal library. The structural-component method made it possible to present the owners’ meetings as a complex communication system, the basis of which was the “book-reader” relationship. An analysis of the historiography of the problem shows a variety of research approaches to the characteristics of private collections, a wide variety of author’s interpretations of the history of the formation of individual libraries of the nobility.

May 1918 is a turning point in the relationship between the Bolsheviks and the CzechSlovak Corps. The events that have taken place will lead to the outbreak of a Civil war in Russia, which will take millions of lives. The study of these events currently continues to remain relevant, caused by the appearance of new documents. The Chelyabinsk incident and the organized mutiny of the corps that broke out after it on May 25 were the final stage of relations between the two sides, which began to develop even before the events of October 1917. There is still no exact answer in the scientific community as to what exactly caused the mutiny. The importance and relevance of the study is due to the study of the role of factors affecting the relationship between the two forces, as well as those that made the conflict between them inevitable, in addition, new documents have been attracted that will help give a clear answer to this question. A quantitative analysis of documents and directives prepared by both the Bolsheviks and the political leadership of the Czechoslovak National Council was carried out. The influence of the Brest Peace on the relations of the two forces and its perception by the leaders of the Czechoslovak National Council and the commanders of the Czech-Slovak Corps is analyzed. The main purpose of the study is a detailed analysis of the events of May 1918. The analysis of the “Chelyabinsk incident of May 14, 1918” and its consequences is carried out. It was proved that the mutiny of the corps was a preplanned action organized by the commanders of the Czech divisions. It is concluded that the signing of the Brest Peace with the Central Powers was a critical moment in the relations between the Bolsheviks and the Czech-Slovak Corps, after which an armed conflict between the two forces became inevitable.

The Anglo-American historiography of the reign of Peter I in the modern period is investigated. The assessments of British and American historians of Peter’s domestic and foreign policy, the results of his transformations, and the role of the emperor in Russian history are given. The majority of the largest studies on the history of Russia in the reign of Peter I, published from 1990 to the present, are considered. The analysis of the main provisions and theses of these works allowed us to identify the characteristic features of the consideration of the image of Peter the Great in modern Anglo-American historiography, the most popular topics that attract the attention of historians, as well as their assessment of the reign of the Russian emperor. The conclusion is made about the presence of anti-Russian political discourse in most studies of the present period of historiography.

The development of youth science and the creation of conditions for the research activities of students during their studies are one of the topical areas of higher educational institutions activity at the present stage. The extent to which students are able to form competencies in the research field will largely depend on their ability to continue education and self-education throughout their lives and employment. The announcement by the President of the Russian Federation of the Decade of Science and Technology contributed to the revision and updating of many areas of organization of student research activities. In this work, in accordance with the initiatives of the Plan for the Decade of Science and Technology in the Russian Federation, the authors identify four key vectors for the development of youth science in a classical university: 1) the popularization of science among students and the involvement of talented youth in research and project activities; 2) development of additional professional competencies in students in the field of research and project activities; 3) approbation and dissemination of the results of research activities of students; 4) interaction of youth science, business, state and society. In the work, the authors a) describe the relevance of the development of youth science at the present stage; b) conduct an analysis of pedagogical research devoted to the description of the subject content of the organization of research activities of students and the experience of universities in conducting scientific, educational and educational projects, the purpose of which is the formation of additional professional and supraprofessional competencies among students; c) represent the events of the Derzhavin Tambov State University within each of the four vectors of development of youth science at the university.

Electronic training manual is a software and methodological training complex designed for self–study by a student of educational material in certain disciplines. Electronic training manual is a product that can be used fragmentally or completely instead of a textbook. We know that the electronic training manual is “not an electronic version of books, where all the information is translated from the printed version into an electronic one or there is a possibility of switching from the table of contents by hyper-linking to the desired chapter. Depending on the type of training session, the course of the lesson itself should be appropriately constructed to achieve the effect of using such a manual.” Before starting the development of the electronic training manual, it is necessary to highlight the criteria for comparing electronic training manual of similar subjects in order to understand at what level the problems of the chosen topic are now. Further, after analyzing the results obtained, and highlighting for yourself the advantages and disadvantages of already developed solutions, you can start developing a competitive product. We highlight the following criteria: 1) informativeness (availability of detailed and understandable information about information security threats and methods of combating them); 2) transparency of the interface (the interface should be clear to the user and harmonious); 3) ease of navigation on the electronic training manual (the ability to instantly switch to the section of interest, as well as the presence of hyperlinks); 4) interactivity (availability of means of user interaction with the system); 5) regular updating of information; 6) availability of a search engine (in order to provide quick access to the necessary information). When studying subjects related to information technology, of course, with the competent application of the electronic training manual, it is effective for the independent development of the discipline.

Solutions to problems arising in the process of adaptation of a child to school are considered. The features of the adaptation process are determined. During the study, the most important aspects of adaptation were selected: physiological, psychological and socio-cultural. The relevance of the study lies in a detailed consideration of the issue of adaptation and socialization of children with health limitations to school, who face not only difficulties in adapting to new social conditions, but also need individual work with teachers and specialists. When working with the adaptation of children with health limitations, other participants in this process – teachers and parents may face many difficulties. The methods of solving the professional and psychological incompetence of teachers working with children with health limitations during the adaptation period are considered in detail. Parents are also important participants in the process of adapting a child with health limitations to educational activities. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how specifically parents understand their involvement in this process and how well they are aware of this issue. To obtain the most up-to-date data, a sociological survey was conducted in the questionnaire format, in which parents of children with health limitations took part. The results showed that, despite the active participation of parents in the period of adaptation of a child with health limitations, they still face difficulties that require additional work with specialists and resources to obtain the necessary information.

In the theory and methods of foreign language teaching, the development of the integration of language and subject competencies is increasingly becoming the leading goal of teaching, and a competency-based approach is being implemented in the process of training graduates of higher educational institutions. This approach, first of all, is aimed at strengthening the practiceoriented vector in education. In this regard, the implementation of CLIL technology (content and language integrated learning) is becoming very popular in higher education. The study substantiates the need to develop foreign language subject competence among students of the interdisciplinary direction of training “Industrial Management” on the basis of Peter the Great Saint Petersburg State Polytechnic University. A comparative analysis of the approaches of various researchers in the framework of the implementation of the competence-based approach is made, the problems of developing the component composition of foreign language subject competence are described. As subcompetencies of foreign language subject competence, the following were defined and described: linguistic, subject, communicative, cognitive and intercultural components. The indicators of achieving a given level of mastering each component of a foreign language subject competence are described through descriptions of the acquired knowledge, skills, and abilities. Methods for assessing the development of individual subcompetences of foreign language subject competence were also established and described. It is substantiated that the development of the subject foreign language communicative competence of students of a technical higher educational institution in the framework of the implementation of content and language integrated learning is an effective tool in the framework of the modern educational space and can be considered as an advanced learning experience.

The difficulties that arise in the formation of tolerant relationships among the rural youth and people with disabilities on the basis of the municipality of the village of Ermolovka and the House of Culture of the Liskinsky district of the Voronezh region are analyzed. The purpose of the study: the formation of respectful relationships between the rural youth, namely to persons with disabilities and the identification of effective forms of work by means of physical culture and sports with the use of Olympic values. Research objectives: 1) provide information to the younger generation of the village about Olympic values, adaptive sports and the movement of the Special Olympics; 2) identify highly effective means, forms and methods of tolerant relationship of young rurals to people with disabilities using Olympic values; 3) to develop and experimentally substantiate the method of applying various organizational and methodical ways and methods to increase the level of knowledge on Olympic education of the younger generation, their respectful attitude to persons with disabilities and involvement in the field of physical culture and sports. The study revealed that as a result of the purposeful use of Olympic education funds, the level of tolerant relationship between young rurals and people with disabilities has increased, and there has also been a big jump in the interest of the rural young generation in physical education and a healthy lifestyle.

The relevance of this study is due to the need to substantiate the development of methods of recreational activities for preschoolers by means of football. The subject of the study is the organization of recreational activities of preschoolers by means of football. The aim of the study was to develop a method of recreational activities for preschoolers by means of football. In order to solve the tasks set, we used such research methods as the analysis of scientific and methodic literature on the research problem, the analysis of normative documentation, pedagogical observation, generalization. The results of the study: the methods of organizing recreational activities for preschool children in general education institutions are analyzed; a number of features of the physiological development of preschool children are identified, provisions for the development of methods for organizing recreational activities for preschoolers by means of football are substantiated. The results of the study can be recommended for practical use by physical education teachers working in preschool institutions, specialists in the field of adaptive physical culture and therapeutic physical culture.