Vol 4, No 3 (2025)

in most studies related to environmental economics, deterministic models are primarily used to consider risks, uncertainty, and sustainability. However, these models may not be sufficient to handle large negative environmental events. These events, such as heatwaves, hurricanes, floods, and droughts, are highly unpredictable and can occur at irregular intervals and vary in intensity. Risk and uncertainty regarding socio-economic impacts and technological development also affect optimal policy development». The world needs a regulatory mechanism and a set of rules to maintain sustainability. It is important to take into account all uncertainties in subsequent modeling to avoid collapses that may occur during stochastic, unpredictable events.

the aim of the study is to determine the directions of modernization of state audit in the Russian Federation through the prism of its adaptation to modern economic, technological and social challenges based on an analysis of the organization and instruments of state audit. Methods: during the study, a set of general scientific and special methods of economic research was used: analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical, graphical, as well as empirical research methods. Findings: the study identified key issues in public auditing in the Russian Federation, including fragmented control, duplication of departmental functions, and insufficient effectiveness of retrospective methods. Based on the analysis of data for 2019–2023, it was found that the increase in the number of inspections does not reduce the scale of financial violations. The following areas for modernization are proposed: the introduction of strategic audit and performance audit harmonized with INTOSAI standards, digitalization of audit bodies using big data. Conclusions: state audit in Russia requires transformation from a post-factum control tool into a risk management system. The implementation of the proposed measures – integration of international standards, introduction of predictive models and strengthening of public participation – will improve transparency, efficiency and strategic feasibility of using budget resources. This will not only reduce financial losses, but also strengthen trust in government institutions, ensuring the stability of the financial system in the context of global challenges.

the article examines the impact of higher education on Russia's technological development and outlines a methodological approach to assessing the impact of higher education on Russia's technological development during the country's participation in the Bologna process. Regression analysis and the "difference in differences" technique are used for this study. This makes it possible to quantify the impact of the higher education reforms characteristic of the Bologna process on Russia's technological development. The purpose of the research is to develop a methodology for constructing a mathematical model based on the theory of cause-and-effect relationships, the theory of "difference in differences". The study selected the export of high-tech products as an indicator assessing the technological development of the country, and further substantiates the choice of this indicator. Two groups of countries are considered: Russia itself, which joined the Bologna Process and then left the Bologna Process, and the countries of the control group that are not participants in the Bologna Process: Brazil and Indonesia. The dynamics of exports of high-tech products from Russia under the influence of the Bologna process is analyzed in comparison with the dynamics of similar exports from Brazil and Indonesia. The article presents the findings obtained from a quantitative assessment of the study. These results make it possible to quantify the impact of higher education on the technological development of the country. The presented methodology can be used when considering the impact of educational reforms taking place within the framework of the Bologna process on the technological development of countries and comparing the results of this impact.

the article analyzes the state of the global economy, examines its main indicators, on the basis of which the research problem is determined. The subject of the research is the state and development of the global economy in the context of modern challenges. The object of the research is key aspects such as globalization, digitalization and sustainable development. The study used methods of analytical review and comparative analysis of data obtained from international organizations (WTO, UN) and McKinsey reports. The interactions between international trade, investment, and financial flows are considered, as well as the impact of these factors on economic growth. The main conclusions are the need to move towards sustainable development and integrate environmental aspects into economic policy. The author's contribution to the research is to substantiate the impact of innovative technologies on economic development.

the integration process is one of the important steps in the development of the country's economic growth. At the present stage, all countries participate in international relations of integration processes that contribute to the development of economic activity. In 1986, Vietnam began to move to a renewed policy based on the market mechanism and the "open door" policy. It can be stated that the renewed policy was the beginning of the first stage of integration, and the formation of the external economy acted as an important tool for strengthening the country's position. In addition, the integration process, as is known, is associated with the division of labor, since the deepening of the international division of labor resources became a characteristic of the integration economic process. This article examines the direction of Vietnam in integration processes, their impact on the labor market and the study of migration flows. The main objectives of the work are to assess Vietnam's participation in integration processes, as well as to study the dynamics of labor migration flows. Objectives of the study: Analysis of the impact of the integration trend on the economy of Vietnam, consideration of changes in the structure of labor migration, study of the dynamics of labor migration. Methods: statistical data analysis, comparative analysis, qualitative analysis to assess the consequences of integration processes. The results of the study can be used to develop government programs for the purpose of developing the national economy and regulating migration flows in the context of globalization. Conclusions: Vietnam has successfully participated in integration processes, which has achieved the following: signed more than 100 cooperation agreements, received a significant amount of investment, had a dynamic migration flow with a record number (more than 159 thousand people in 2023).

the article discusses the use of artificial intelligence-based platforms and services in various fields of modern biotechnology using real-world case studies from recent decades. The issues of practical expediency, economic and commercial risks, as well as possible prospects and ways of further development of artificial intelligence (AI) in educational research of biotechnologists for generation Z. The authors present a theoretical overview of the use of artificial intelligence in modern biotechnology and the results of a survey of a specialized audience on the use of AI in biotechnology as an applied aspect of research. The purpose of the study: based on the analysis of scientific papers and a survey conducted, professional perception of the community and possible ethical and social risks and consequences. Research methods: the authors used decomposition, analysis, and synthesis as methods in the study. Surveys, questionnaires, and an analysis of innovation ideas were also conducted using artificial intelligence tools proposed by undergraduates while completing the Economics and Innovation discipline. Results: in the presented review, the authors repeatedly refer to real-world cases of developing and using programs and algorithms to solve a wide range of problems in modern biotechnology, and many others. The analysis of the survey data also demonstrates a predominantly positive trend in the introduction of AI algorithms for generation Z biotechnologists. Conclusions: a theoretical review of scientific papers on the study of the introduction of artificial intelligence in the biotechnology industry, a survey of the relevant audience on the integration of AI in the professional field (biotechnology). The conclusion is made about the prospects, taking into account its role in breakthrough innovations and multidisciplinary educational research.

the article discusses the urgent problem of increasing the efficiency and proactivity of assessing the financial condition of credit institutions in the context of increasing volatility of financial markets and the complexity of banking operations. The fundamental limitations of traditional financial analysis techniques are analyzed, such as their lagging nature and inability to identify nonlinear dependencies, which justifies the urgent need to introduce modern machine learning algorithms. A comprehensive methodology is proposed that covers the stages from the systematic collection and intelligent preparation of data from public financial statements and macroeconomic sources to the construction of highly accurate predictive models using ensemble machine learning algorithms, in particular gradient boosting. The architecture of the predictive model, its evaluation metrics, and the principles of the feature system formation are described in detail. Experimental testing of the methodology was carried out on hypothetical but realistic data from Russian credit institutions, demonstrating excellent accuracy in predicting financial stability and default risks, as well as early detection of problems. A comprehensive economic justification for the implementation of the developed solution for banks, regulators and investors is presented, and its ability to reduce losses from insolvency, optimize management decisions and increase the overall financial stability of the banking system is emphasized.