Siberian Journal of Life Sciences and Agriculture

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the problem of social reproduction of rural territories under depopulation conditions complicated with consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also includes the effect of the special military operation on country’s rural border territories. According to authors, social reproduction is necessary to consider as self-regulated and regulated process of renewal of quantitative and qualitative resources of rural areas for stabilization of the rural socio-territorial community, overcoming of degradation processes and further sustainable growth. The aim of this article is to analyze modern reality regarding demographic processes taking place in rural territories and to identify the main directions in the regulation of the social reproduction process in rural areas. The paper has implemented the dispositions of rural residents regarding demographic potential and demographic trends, as well as the expert community in the regard of risks and threats to socio-demographic security of rural territories of the Central Black Earth Economic Region. It is noted that the statistics of Russian rural population’ demographic development clearly shows the trend of depopulation of these areas which is determined not only with a combination of demographic factors, including the demographic transition, but also, perhaps to a greater extent, by socio-political and economic conditions.

Purpose. The objective of the present investigation is to study of the problem of social reproduction of rural territories under depopulation conditions complicated with consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and methods. When considering the process of social reproduction of rural areas, we will rely on the concept of rural networks developed by a team of authors led by Dutch economist Frederick Van der J.D Ploeg. Dutch scientists have combined numerous theoretical concepts and ideas regarding rural development, rural networks, in their opinion, appear to be multidimensional, multifunctional with a multitude of intrasectoral interactions. In the framework of the proposed concept, scientists identify several conceptual blocks in the structure of rural networks (among them: endogeneity, sustainability, social structure of the population, social capital, etc.), which are in dynamic interaction.

The empirical basis of the study is made up of: 1) statistical data characterizing the birth rate, mortality rate, migration of the population; 2) complex of sociological investigations of the demographic potential and demographic trends in rural areas conducted un the Belgorod region in 2021-2024 by a team of scientists from the National Research Institute “Belgorod State University” which include the mass sociological questionnaire survey N=1000 (2021), series of focus-group interviews and expert surveys (N=50, annually).

Results. Our theoretical and empirical analyses allow us to formulate a number of practical recommendations to the authorities of various levels, business community and public structures, etc., aimed at improving the main parameters of demographic development of rural areas:

1. Formation of regional expert groups in the sphere of demographic development. “The problem of the efficiency and effectiveness of demographic processes and measures to regulate them affects the interests not only of civil servants and politicians making certain attempts to respond to demographic crises, but also of scientists engaged in the study of demographic challenges” – N.P. Goncharova writes.

The solution to the problem of strengthening the principle of scientific validity of demographic policy in rural areas requires large-scale involvement of experts in the development and implementation of demographic development programmes and projects. In our opinion, the selection of experts should be differentiated and involve scientists specialising in different fields of knowledge, in particular, experts in demography, sociology of management, sociology of family, sociology of youth, social gerontology. This will allow for a targeted and more concentrated approach to the development of projects and programmes for demographic development.

Modern digital technologies make it possible to search for experts throughout the country and ensure their inclusion in the working process. It is promising to create an electronic database of experts in the field of demographic development, which in parallel functions as an interactive platform for discussing issues and problems of demographic development, and which in the future can be used to organise open online conferences, forums and symposia.

2. Development of science-based comprehensive monitoring of the regional demographic policy performance. The objectively demanded tendency to search for new tools and technologies of demographic development of rural areas implies the development and implementation of systems of indicators for assessing regulatory impacts.

In a turbulent and highly dynamic society, the problem of indicators and indicators with the help of which it is possible to assess the effectiveness/efficiency of the demographic policy is of great importance. Today it is necessary to scientifically substantiate and develop indicators that will allow us to assess the sociodynamics of demographic processes. They should reflect their objective and subjective sides.

Based on the analysis and synthesis of state and regional documents in the field of demography, generalisation of information sources, including the Federal State Statistics Service data, we propose a set of indicators, which should be monitored and allow to assess the effectiveness of demographic policy in rural areas: a) monitoring of the reproduction plans of the population; b) monitoring of population’ incomes and participation in social programs; c) monitoring of population’ state of health; d) monitoring of the quality and accessibility of services in such spheres as education, healthcare and social services, promotion of employment; e) monitoring of infrastructure’ quality; f) sociological survey “Demographic wellbeing of the population of rural territories”.

The proposed indicators are assessed using a set of methods, such as: evaluation of information in official sources, data on adopted and existing legislative acts and program documents in the field of the demography and family policy; official statistical data describing the demographic and socio-economic situation available on the website of the Federal State Statistics Service, as well as in the Unified Interdepartmental Information Statistical System; data from periodic sample surveys of the Federal State Statistics Service on demographic problems; and data on the demographic and socio-economic situation in the Russian Federation.

3. Creation of regional and municipal Centers for the support of social practices of active longevity. The methodology of preserving and developing the resource potential of the older generation is proposed to be used more widely, which allows for a differentiated approach to the formation of an active longevity strategy, taking into account the capabilities and motivation of different groups of elderly and old people.

Conclusion. In the conditions of modern dynamically changing reality, the prospects of demographic development of rural areas are ambiguous, and forecasting the situation regarding demographic development is difficult. At present, in the era of turbulence of socio-economic processes, there is no agreement in the demographic forecasts of researchers.

In modern conditions, scientific and methodological support and systematic monitoring of demographic processes in rural areas become the key to prompt and adequate response to demographic challenges.

Background. The issues of increasing productivity in various sectors of agriculture, especially the aquaculture sector, are currently a priority for many research teams in Russia and other countries. The production intensification inevitably leads to a decrease in the resistance of aquaculture objects, which makes them susceptible to various pathogenic agents, resulting in a decrease in overall production efficiency. The use of probiotics in the biotechnological farming cycle can reduce the negative effects of intensification. It has been repeatedly suggested that bacterial strains with probiotic properties, which were originally characteristic of the organism in question and its habitat, have the greatest effect on the fish body. In this paper, the effects of probiotic bacterial strains isolated from bottom sediments in fish habitats are considered.

Purpose. The aim of the study was to study the effect of probiotics in the feed on the fish-breeding and biological parameters of trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) during the early ontogenesis.

Materials and methods. The experimental site was an industrial-type fish hatchery located in the Rostov region. The object of the study was 100,000 species of O. mykiss rainbow trout larvae aged 29 days, which were randomly divided into 2 groups (control and experiment). The duration of the experiment was 30 days. The diet of the individuals included starter feeds for juvenile salmon with a grain size of 0.2 mm and a crude protein content of 58.0%. The experimental group received a probiotic supplement with 2 strains of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis (strains MT48 and MT74) as a part of the diet. The content of bacterial cells in the finished feed was 7.3·106 CFU/g. The valuation, during which the morphometric parameters of the fish were evaluated, was carried out 2 times during the experiment period: at the beginning and at the end. To assess the effectiveness of probiotic implementation in the diet, fish farming coefficients were calculated: Fulton’s fatness coefficient, individual weight gain, total biomass gain, feed conversion rate and survival rate.

Results. The addition of probiotics based on B. subtilis (strains MT48 and MT 74) to the feed of O. mykiss larvae led to a significant improvement in fish biological parameters. In the experimental group, there was an increase in the average individual fish weight by 12.68% and body length compared with the control group. The survival rate of larvae in the experimental group was higher by 19.41%, and the total increase in biomass increased by 38.31%. The feed conversion rate decreased from 1.69 kg/kg in the control group to 1.04 kg/kg in the experimental group, indicating a more efficient use of feed. The statistical analysis confirmed the significance of the differences between the groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion. The study confirmed the effectiveness of probiotics based on B. subtilis (strains MT48 and MT 74) in feeding O. mykiss larvae. The inclusion of probiotic supplements in the diet contributed to a significant improvement in key fish-breeding and biological parameters: an increase in body weight, length and survival rate and a decrease in feed conversion rate.

Background. The study of the role of transforming growth factor (TGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the development of prenatal pathologies in calves, especially in the context of complicated pregnancy in cows, is relevant due to the high incidence of morbidity and mortality in newborn young animals, which significantly reduces the economic efficiency of the livestock industry. The study is based on analyzing placental tissue collected immediately after calving to identify relationships between the levels of these proteins and the incidence of pathologies in newborn calves. Changes in TGF and VEGF concentrations can serve as predictors of feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency, which in turn negatively affects the health of calves. Correlation analysis revealed statistically significant relationships between TGF and VEGF levels and clinical disease manifestations, highlighting their role in prenatal disorder pathogenesis. These studies underscore the importance of monitoring TGF and VEGF levels in veterinary practice, potentially enabling early risk identification and the development of effective disease prevention strategies in young animals.

Purpose. The objective of the present study is to develop new methods for predicting prenatal diseases in calves based on the correlation analysis of TGF and VEGF protein levels.

Materials and methods. At the SPC “Plemzavod Vtoraya Pyatiletka”, in the period from 2023 to 2024, a correlation analysis of the proteins TGF and VEGF in the context of complicated pregnancy was carried out.

For the experiment, 200 dry first-calf heifers aged 24 to 48 months were randomly selected. The animals were divided into two groups: Group A included 100 cows with a physiological pregnancy and uncomplicated births, and Group B consisted of 100 animals with complicated pregnancy, accompanied by feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency.

The distribution of livestock into groups was carried out on the basis of anamnesis data and clinical examination results.

Placental tissue collected immediately after calving in compliance with the temperature (cold) regime was used as research material.

The study analyzed the protein level of transforming growth factor (TGF), which regulates various cellular functions such as growth, development, immune responses, and tissue remodeling. The protein level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is involved in angiogenesis, was also assessed using enzyme immunoassay kits from the biotechnological company Cutimmune systems, located in the United States.

The licensed program “Primer of Biostatistics 4.03. For Windows” was used to process the data in the study.

The homogeneity of variances was assessed using the Fisher criterion, which allows determining the uniformity of variances in a group.

To test the statistical significance of differences between the compared groups, two criteria were used: the Student criterion and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney criterion. The Student criterion is a parametric method and is designed to compare the average values of two groups. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney criterion, in turn, is designed to compare two independent and unrelated small samples by a quantitative feature of two groups. Differences were considered reliable at p<0.05.

To conduct a correlation analysis, the Spearman method was used, which allows determining the strength and direction of the relationship between two features.

Results. During the study, it was found that prenatal disorders in calves born from cows with feto- and uteroplacental insufficiency have a direct correlation with the level of protein transforming growth factor (TGF) and protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Conclusion. The results of the studies revealed significant differences in the levels of VEGF and TGF proteins in cows with complicated pregnancy. Data analysis showed that the level of VEGF in animals from group B was 24% higher compared to the indicators of group A (p<0.05). At the same time, a significant decrease in the concentration of TGF in the placentas of cows with complicated pregnancy was observed - 2.4 times lower than in animals with a physiological course of pregnancy (p<0.01). These changes may indicate a compensatory mechanism in which an increase in VEGF production is aimed at leveling out the consequences of a sharp decrease in the level of TGF.

Also, special attention was paid to the ratio of VEGF and TGF in the placenta. In group A, this coefficient was 1.1%, which indicates a balance of the processes regulated by these growth factors. At the same time, a significant increase in the VEGF/TFR ratio was observed in Group B – approximately 3.2 times compared to Group A. This indicates a pronounced imbalance in the regulation of angiogenesis and metabolic processes in cows with complicated pregnancy.

The obtained VEGF/TFR ratio can become a valuable tool for predicting physiological disorders in calves during postembryonic ontogenesis. Its use will optimize veterinary strategies and, possibly, prevent the development of diseases in the long term. This is important not only for ensuring animal welfare, but also for increasing the economic efficiency of animal husbandry by reducing losses associated with morbidity and mortality of young animals.

Background. This review systematizes current scientific data on the influence of abiotic (pH, temperature, hypoxia, ammonia, nitrite) and biotic (viral and bacterial infections) stress factors on gene expression in crustaceans of the order Decapoda. Molecular responses affecting key functional groups of genes associated with immunity, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, chitin metabolism, and cellular homeostasis are analyzed. Stress-induced changes in gene expression are complex, tissue-specific, and time-dependent, representing key adaptive mechanisms. The results of this analysis have important practical implications for aquaculture, opening up prospects for identifying molecular markers of stress resistance and developing strategies for optimizing the maintenance conditions of commercially important species.

Purpose. This review aims to systematize and analyze current scientific data on the influence of abiotic (such as pH, temperature, hypoxia, ammonia, nitrites) and biotic (viral and bacterial infections) stress factors on expression of genes associated with immunity, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, chitin metabolism and cellular homeostasis in crustaceans of the order Decapoda.

Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the scientific research laboratory “Center of Agrobiotechnology” of the Don State Technical University in 2024-2025.

Results. Complex changes in the expression of key genes regulating immunity, osmoregulation, antioxidant protection, chitin metabolism, and cellular homeostasis have been identified. It has been shown that these tissue-specific and time-dependent changes in expression are the central mechanism of the adaptive response to stress.

Conclusion. An analysis of current scientific data has allowed us to systematize information on the influence of abiotic and biotic stress factors on gene expression in crustaceans, particularly in members of the order Decapoda. It has been established that changes in key environmental parameters (such as temperature, pH, ammonia and nitrite concentrations) and exposure to pathogens (viruses, bacteria) trigger complex molecular responses affecting genes associated with immunity, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, chitin metabolism, and cellular homeostasis.

Background. Inclusion of doubled haploids in the breeding process allows increasing the speed and reliability of selection of desired forms with smaller population volumes. To stabilize the genotype, anthers of hybrid combinations of F2, F3, F4 and F5 generations, developed in crossings of white-grained samples with traits of high nutritional value of grain, and anthers of combinations of F4 generation from crossings of varieties contrasting in pericarp color and amylose content, were introduced into the culture. The responsiveness to gamete technologies was studied in 21 hybrid combinations. New genetically stable material (DH - doubled haploids) was developed. Phenotyping was carried out in conditions of a vegetation experiment for economic and biological traits and elements of plant productivity in four populations, which included 45 DH lines. Variability was noted in a number of traits within the DH line populations. Based on the results of the biometric analysis of the regenerated populations, 6 sources with a “1000 grain mass” of more than 30 grams were identified.

The study was carried out with the financial support of the Kuban Science Foundation and the Russian Science Foundation within the framework of the scientific project No. 25-16-20103 “Application of the genomic approach in rice breeding for high technological grain quality”

Purpose. To study the response of hybrids obtained from crossing contrasting rice samples to in vitro pollen culture, to accelerate the creation of DH line populations based on the studied genotypes, and to phenotype them.

Materials and methods. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology at the Federal Research Center for Rice, using the culture of isolated anthers in vitro according to the generally accepted method of R.G. Butenko (1990).

Results. The genetic determinism of the “regeneration” trait in the donor plants used in the crossbreeding was noted. The genotypes of the crossbreeding involving the varieties Favorit and Azovsky proved to be the most productive in terms of the output of highly morphogenic calluses and androgenic lines. Phenotypic analysis revealed significant diversity among the plants in the individual DH populations in terms of the shape of the panicle, the angle of the flag leaf deviation, the length of the growing season, the weight of 1,000 grains, the height of the plants, and the length of the growing season.

Conclusion. Phenotypic analysis of the DH lines’ traits showed that their genesis originates from microspores, thus these lines are a valuable genetic resource. The inclusion of doubled haploids in the breeding process will help to facilitate the assessment of recombinant genotypes arising from the cross, will allow to detect rare recessive alleles, will increase the speed and reliability of the selection of desired forms with smaller population volumes.

Background. Problem of transformation of complex food systems is incompletely solved. In the framework of this problem, the incompletely solved problem of three-dimensional structure of proteids, including collagen, takes place. In this regard, the authors propose solutions of this problem basing on the study of structural rheological properties of polydisperse heterogeneous systems on the basis of natural intentionally modified biopolymers, incl. their microstructures. The rotational viscometry and analysis of images obtained with the scanning electron microscopy have been used as test methods. As a result, dependencies of the dynamic viscosity from the speed rate of the shear deformation have been obtained. They have shown relatively regular changes of the viscosity indicators. Data from the electronic microscopy let us to diagnose the structure of raw material and specially prepared semi-finished product, dominated by biopolymers, for further processing in industries.

Purpose. Taking into account the problem urgency, introduced in the first part of the article, we have stated the characteristic dependence between the dynamic viscosity of the typical polymer solution – alginate (semi-finished product for artificial caviar production) and shear deformation speed rate.

Materials and methods. The directions of solving the issue of microstructure and properties of biopolymers from different groups are actualized. In particular, biopolymers of alginate type and proteins from the collagen group have been investigated.

The peculiarities of the denaturation of native proteins cause the necessity of their further study (analysis of the initial architectonics of molecules, their changes under chemical and/or thermal influences) in the preparation of raw materials for the product manufacturing, feeds, etc. The general orientation of process organization is to avoid denaturation transformations.

However, treatment in media with the adjustable pH level is expected. The example is the treatment with electrolyte solutions (OH-), which weakens the complex of cross-links, which causes some disturbance of the original histological structure of tissues, but does not lead to denaturation, preserving in general the molecular structure of the main structural molecular units (chains) of proteids.

Results. The first section of the rheogram, the “difficulty” of the system shear and then, a relatively uniform course of the graph, which may indicate that this solution is “stabilized” by structural agents based on natural biopolymers. The approximation reliability coefficient R2 = 0.98 demonstrates a high approximation of the trend line to the exponential model of the equation.

It is worth to mention the study by E.Yu. Agarkova et.al. which made it possible to reveal the exponential dependence between dynamic viscosity of polydisperse milk-based food systems depending on the mass fraction of psyllium in them. The obtained rheograms revealed nonlinear and non-additive dependences between viscosity and psyllium content in them.

Enhancing our own results, we have pointed out that the composition of the studied Collagen brand supplements also includes color-forming and flavor-forming additives. Comparative analysis of rheological data is hampered by the lack of publications in domestic sources. There is some information on mechanical parameters (e.g., the Young modulus, etc.) for protein hydrogels in foreign sources, F. Linglan. However, the elasticity modulus is used to characterize hydrogels.

It seems that these results are consistent with the studies of biopolymers by Hu Shiao et.al. [16], who revealed the special rheology of biopolymers with carbohydrate compartment. Thus, their thixotropic behavior was revealed.

Conclusion. The non-Newtonian flow character of biopolymer solutions can be characterized as visco-plastic, the properties of thixotropic medium were observed.

Based on the obtained results, the database on rational directions of processing of various biopolymers, which play, first of all, the role of structure formers, is being replenished. It is possible to combine these or those biopolymers in vitro with the purpose of further involvement in the production of food products and biologically active food additives.

The use of the combinatorics principles, more effective and functional food systems, will establish the compliance of the developed products with the principles of healthy nutrition. Especially it expands the possibilities of tissue repair from the group of supporting tissues, optimizes the functions of the gastrointestinal tract of humans and/or animals.

Thus, prospects for the food system development, creation of new feeds, materials for medical purposes, etc. are opened.

Background. The article solves the problems of introducing the latest technologies in agriculture. Because manual labor is very difficult to switch to electronic technologies and technologies in general. Using a combine harvester instead of a plow, instead of manually milking a cow, a special device, entering data on the results of work into an electronic journal and calculations in an unnatural, but non-cash form - this is the future of agriculture largest agricultural powers. The article shows the problems of modern agricultural enterprises and outlines ways to solve them based on the current state of science, technology, legislation, economic and social state of modern society. The difficulties in the path of the agro-industrial sector are quite natural and solvable with a careful approach and digitalization.

Purpose. Agricultural work has historically been directly related to the use of manual labor. As technology developed, societies and states began to use other technologies and manual labor was gradually replaced by machines and automatic devices. However, the transition from manual to machine labor turned out to be very long and difficult. Mainly. Because of the reluctance to abandon the use of manual labor. When working on the land, the labor of people living on it was used. Therefore, the refusal in favor of machine labor was perceived as recognizing the peasant as unnecessary and superfluous. The process sometimes took place gradually, sometimes in leaps and bounds. It led to riots, revolutions, the overthrow of the system, physical violence and threats. But time moves forward and technical progress can no longer cancel anything.

Materials and methods. To study introduction of innovations in agricultural production, the following methods are used. The method of materialist dialectics is the study of dynamics, development, movement from one state to another. The method of scientific abstraction is abstraction from the unimportant and random in order to highlight the most significant in the phenomenon being studied. Analysis and synthesis - dividing the phenomenon under study into its component parts and combining the individual parts into a single whole.

Results. In recent years, the domestic agro-industrial complex has received additional development. The Russian Federation fully provides itself with grain and legume crops, at the same time, sells surpluses to other countries. At present, a slight decline in the agricultural sector is recorded. It is explained by political, economic, social reasons of both internal and external nature, lack of sufficient financial support.

Conclusion. It is necessary to adopt agronomic and crop management, which allows to optimize production and environmental needs. Recent advances in technology, precision agriculture and sustainable farming methods offer promising solutions to address the complex challenges of climate change while contributing to the economic prosperity of the agri-food sector.

Background. Obtaining water suitable for domestic and industrial needs and safe for the consumer is the main task of water treatment. The search for ways to improve the coagulation process and methods that allow its intensification is currently still relevant. The article presents the results of studies of coagulants at various combinations and doses in laboratory conditions. Irtysh river water intended for drinking purposes is considered as an object of research. The efficiency of using different coagulants that allow to remove pollutants such as heavy metals, organic compounds, microbiological pollutants, etc. in a more qualitative way has been studied. This is especially important for the treatment of water from surface sources, which is often characterized by a high content of impurities. Experimental studies in the shop of operation of water supply networks and facilities of Rosvodokanal Omsk were conducted with the following coagulants “Brilliant-18”, “Bopak-E”, “OHA”, “Aqua-aurat 30” and “ASA” in combination with flocculant FL 4540PWG. Coagulants were tested in the spring flood period at the source water temperature of 6-8°C. On the source water of the Irtysh River the best results were shown by coagulants such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30”. The optimal dose for the most effective coagulants is Dk=1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) when combined with flocculant with Df=0.1-0.13 mg/l. Coagulant “Aqua-aurate 30” shows better flaking, sedimentation and clarification, and accordingly better performance on water turbidity. To confirm the results of laboratory tests and select the most effective reagent, it is recommended to conduct production tests of coagulant “Aqua-aurat 30”.

Purpose. The main objectives of the research are to test the used reagents in laboratory conditions and compare their efficiency in different seasons of the year, as well as to improve the water treatment process by introducing new reagents.

Materials and methods. According to the results of industrial tests it was found that water after treatment with liquid aluminum sulfate meets hygienic requirements for water quality of centralized drinking water supply systems. In summer period the working dose of liquid SA 1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) is similar to the working dose of OHA. But liquid aluminum sulfate can be used for water treatment at water treatment plants only in summer, as in winter time of the year the coagulation process is much worse. Therefore, the laboratory of the water supply networks and facilities operation shop conducted laboratory studies on the effectiveness of introduction of other coagulants based on aluminum polyoxychloride: “Brilliant”, “Bopak”, “OHA”, “Aqua-aurat 30” and “ASA”, which can be used in different seasons of the year.

Taking into account the current technology of natural water treatment at the facilities of Rosvodokanal Omsk the following methodology of trial coagulation (on automatic flocculator “Lovibond”) was adopted. Addition of reagents (coagulant and flocculant sequentially) in the source water and stirring for 3 minutes at a rotation speed of 146 rpm. Stirring is then continued for 10 minutes at a lower speed (43 rpm). This is followed by settling for 30 minutes. Trial coagulation was carried out with flocculant FL 4540PWG with a concentration of 0.1%. Samples of treated water were taken after settling from the middle layer of water. Water quality parameters were evaluated after the sedimentation process, excluding filtration.

Results. As a result of the tests, large flakes were formed only when “Aqua-aurate 30” and “ASA” were applied at a dose of (1.5/0.1 mg/l). Other coagulants formed small and medium flakes and all coagulants showed intensive sedimentation and clarification.

Tests of coagulants were carried out in the spring flood period at the source water temperature of 6-8°C On the source water of the Irtysh River the best results showed coagulants such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30”.

The optimal dose for the most effective coagulants is Dk=1.5 mg/l (by Al2O3) when combined with flocculant with Df=0.1-0.13 mg/l.

During the laboratory tests, coagulants “Bopak-E” and “Brilliant-18” showed the same results of clarified water quality in terms of residual aluminum and water turbidity in comparison with the coagulant “OHA” used at Rosvodokanal Omsk, at doses as close as possible to those established at production (Dk=1.8 mg/l and Df=0.13mg/l).

Coagulant “Aqua-aurate 30” shows better flaking, sedimentation and clarification, and accordingly better indicators of water turbidity.

Under low alkalinity conditions, Aqua-aurat 30 coagulant increases this index, which contributes to solving the problem of poor coagulation. At optimum doses quality indicators of clarified water by residual aluminum, as well as filtered water by turbidity and residual aluminum, meet the quality assurance of drinking water in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3485-21, GN 2.1.5.1315-03, GN 2.1.5.2280-07.

To confirm the results of laboratory tests and to select the most effective reagent, it is recommended to conduct production tests of coagulant “Aqua-aurat 30”.

Conclusion. In the process of laboratory testing, many reagents are tested. The purpose of the analysis is to find effective reagents under conditions when the water supply source changes its charge and alkalinity decreases.

Laboratory tests of coagulants based on aluminum polyoxychloride such as “Bopak-E”, “OHA” and “Aqua-aurat 30” show that the performance in conditions of low alkalinity is difficult, but the best coagulation ability is shown by the reagent “Aqua-aurat 30” because of its ability to increase alkalinity by 15-18%, which helps to improve the efficiency of coagulation.

Background. The research laboratory Progressive biotechnologies in aquaculture of the Saratov State University of Genetics, Biotechnology and Engineering named after N.I. Vavilov studied the effect of complexes of ß-cyclodextrin on the healing of skin wounds in hybrid sturgeon fish. The total microbial count of sturgeon cut wounds was determined using the culture method and the composition of the microflora of the fish colon using the qPCR method under the influence of the ß-cyclodextrin complex. This complex was ß- cyclodextrin with levofloxacin included in a chitosan shell. The complex was adsorbed on the surface of the feed that the sturgeons received daily. Changes in the total microbial count demonstrate the nature of the inflammatory process and the effectiveness of the use of therapeutic drugs. The study of the colon microbiota also demonstrates the result of using these complexes in fish. It was found that the use of antibacterial complexes of ß-cyclodextrins with chitosan on sturgeons leads to a significant decrease in the total microbial count of the wound surface. The highest antimicrobial activity was established for the chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complex with 20 and 15% levofloxacin content. The presence of bacteroides, eubacteria, clostridia, peptostreptocci, enterobacteria, lactobacilli and staphylococci were determined in the composition of the normal flora. At the same time, by the end of the experiment, the microbiome of the large intestine of fish is characterized by the restoration of the number of lactic acid bacteria. The research results can be used in aquaculture in the process of fish cultivation in the treatment of injuries to the outer coverings received during transportation and sorting.

Purpose. Reproduction and cultivation of fish in aquaculture is inevitably associated with trauma to the skin of fish, infection with saprophytic, opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms during transportation, sorting, dense planting, and transition to new feed. All these factors reduce the immune status of the fish organism and lead to the occurrence of various diseases that affect all metabolic processes. Currently, antibiotics of various groups with a wide spectrum of action are use to combat infectious diseases, as well as for prevention purposes. Due to the specific lifestyle of aquatic organisms, antibiotics are introduced into the fish organism in aquaculture using medicinal baths, injections, or orally with feed.

Materials and methods. The effect of the chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complex on the fish organism under aquarium conditions was studied. This complex was synthesized and provided by the Department of Chemical Enzymology of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. The studied complex is a light yellow powder, slowly soluble in water due to the content of chitosan and cyclodextrin and added to fish feed. For the experiment, 5 groups of sturgeons with wounds in the form of dorsal cuts of the skin 2 cm long and 0.5 cm deep were formed using the pair-analogue method. Before the experiment, the fish were fed with compound feed with a peroxide value of 24.68±2.22 for 10 days to form a model digestive disorder and intestinal dysbiosis. The fish received feed with the preparation daily (3 times a day). Individuals of the 1st and 2nd control groups did not receive the studied complex, in addition, individuals of the 2nd control group continued to receive low-quality feed during the experiment. The experimental groups received high-quality feed with the complex in different dosages of levofloxacin (the first - a complex with 20%, the second - with 15% and the third - with 10% of the antibiotic, respectively) for 7 days.

Results. The study of sturgeon wound microflora showed that the studied chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complex with an antibiotic reduces the TMC of cut wounds. In individuals of the control groups (K1 and K2), the inflammatory process in the wounds continued until the end of the experiment (day 8). On the 8th day, the greatest suppressive effect on the microflora of fish wounds was exerted by complexes with 15 and 20% antibiotic content: in both groups, the decrease in TMC relative to day 1 was 1000 times, below K1 by 1000 times, and K2 by 10000 times. The results of assessing the diversity of sturgeon large intestine microflora indicate that the control group of fish is characterized by normal microflora: bacteroides, eubacteria, clostridia, peptostreptocci, enterobacteria, lactobacilli and staphylococci. In the experimental groups a decrease in the number of lactobacilli, enterobacteria, fusobacteria, eubacteria and clostridia genomes was recorded. Lactate-utilizing bacteria were not detected. Gradual recovery of the fish organism is confirmed by the presence of lactobacilli on the 14th day in the same quantity as before injury and the use of the complex, as well as the absence of mycoplasmas, streptococci and Candida fungi.

Conclusion. A study of wound microflora using the culture method showed that chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complexes with levofloxacin, used in the treatment of sturgeons, have a significant antimicrobial effect on the number of microorganisms compared to the control groups, with the best effect by the end of the experiment being provided by complexes with 15 and 20% levofloxacin.

A study of wound microflora using the culture method showed that chitosan-ß-cyclodextrin complexes with levofloxacin, used in the treatment of sturgeons, have a significant antimicrobial effect on the number of microorganisms compared to the control groups, with the best effect by the end of the experiment being provided by complexes with 15 and 20% levofloxacin. Molecular genetic research using the PCR method in real time determined the presence of bacteroids, eubacteria, clostridia, peptostreptocci, enterobacteria, lactobacilli and staphylococci in the composition of the normal flora. In the 14 days the microflora of the large intestine of fish is characterized by a confident restoration of the number of lactic acid bacteria that regulate immune processes.

Background. The article examines the incidence and pathogenic significance of Moraxella and Corynebacteria in mastitis of ruminants using the example of large and small cattle in various farms in the regions of the Russian Federation. As a result of the conducted studies, the sporadic presence of Moraxella microorganisms in the microbiota of mastitis milk among opportunistic pathogens in cows was established. No Moraxella was found in goats. Several cases were identified at once in which Acinetobacter spp., belonging to the Moraxellaceae family, was isolated in associations. The incidence of pathogenic corynebacteria as the leading representative of the clinical microbiota was noted at the level of 60% in the goats of LLC « Pikaev » in the Republic of Morodovia and 26.7% in cows from various farms in the Moscow region, the Republic of Morodovia and Bashkortostan.

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to study the incidence and pathogenic significance of bacteria Moraxella and Corynebacterium in mastitis in cattle and small cattle.

Materials and methods. The research was carried out at livestock enterprises in the Moscow region, the Republic of Mordovia, and the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the period from March to August 2024, clinical trials were conducted in the field and in production conditions for mastitis of large and small cattle with sampling of pathological material. The clinical (pathological) material was milk, which was collected in sterile containers. Screening bacteriological studies for indication of microorganisms (20 studies) and identification of bacteria were conducted. The samples were seeded onto Petri dishes with 10% blood and chocolate agar content. Petri dishes were incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. Putative colonies of Moraxella, identified by their smooth, rounded and grayish-white appearance with a hemolysis zone, were subjected to Gram staining and biochemical tests, then positive colonies were further confirmed using MALDI–TOF, other bacterial pathogens were also identified using biochemical tests and mass spectrometry. For this purpose, after sampling, a well-isolated colony was removed using a sterile loop, then re-suspended in 300 µl of distilled water, then the suspension was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 10,000 rpm, after which 2 µl of a reactogenic solution was added to the precipitate, transferred to a MALDI plate and loaded into an ionization chamber.

Results. The following types of microorganisms have been detected and identified in cattle with a clinical picture of serous, catarrhal mastitis: Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus capitis, Trueperella pyogenes, Bacillus pumilus, Brevibacterium celere, Corynebacterium xerosis, Bacillus licheniformis, Acinetobacter junii, Escherichia coli, Paraclostridium bifermentans, Psychrobacter immobilis, Enterococcus faecium, Serratia liquefaciens, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas spp., Corynebacterium spp., Enterococcus faecalis, Psychrobacter phenylpyruvicus, Raoultella ornithinolytica, Moraxella catarrhalis (1 isolate). The following types of microorganisms were found in goats with a clinical picture of serous catarrhal mastitis: Aerococcus viridians, Corynebacterium stationis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus chromogenes, Corynebacterium xerosis, Corynebacterium stationis, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results are presented in table 1. No growth was detected from samples of biological material from mastitis milk of sheep and goats, during screening bacteriological studies on blood agar. To determine the pathogenic properties of the isolated cultures, a coagulase test for staphylococci and a bioassay on white mongrel mice were used. The inoculum diluted to the desired concentration (10⁸ CFU/ml), OD = 600 nm = 1, obtained from a pure culture of Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi, was administered subcutaneously to mice at a dose of 100 µl.

Conclusion. The nosological role of moraxella microorganisms in mastitis in cows and goats has not been confirmed at this stage of research. Cases of indication of Moraxella catarrhalis and Acinetobacter spp. have been noted among the clinical microbiota, which does not exclude the nosological role of microorganisms of the Moraxellaceae family in these pathologies, as early studies occasionally noted.

Background. In the era of digitalization, maintaining resilient security systems in agro-industrial enterprises is crucial. This paper examines approaches to developing intelligent models aimed at assessing and predicting the resilience of organizational and technical systems based on the analysis of interrelated risk factors. Cognitive and fuzzy modeling approaches are applied as methodological tools to formalize expert knowledge and support managerial decision-making. A methodology for constructing an integrated resilience indicator that takes into account both external and internal dynamics is proposed. Scenario analysis demonstrates the potential of intelligent algorithms to model critical situations and to select optimal response measures. The developed models can be applied to strengthen infrastructure protection strategies, enhance information and physical security, and ensure the sustainable operation of enterprises in uncertain environments.

The aim of the study is to develop and verify a model based on fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) for the mathematical assessment of the resilience of agricultural enterprise security systems. The work aims to integrate expert knowledge, scenario modeling, and dynamic visualization of system behavior under changing external and internal factors.

Materials and methods. The methodological framework of the study is based on cognitive and fuzzy modeling, simulation, and machine learning. FCMs are used as tools, accounting for uncertainty, the subjectivity of expert assessments, and nonlinear relationships between factors. Logistic Regression, Random Forest, and XGBoost algorithms, implemented in Python, were used for computational experiments. The analysis was conducted using the IGLA package for constructing cognitive models and assessing impact scenarios.

Results. An intelligent security system resilience model was developed, incorporating five key concepts: financial resilience, human resources, technological reliability, information security, and organizational processes. Scenario modeling was conducted to identify the impact of various management strategies on the integrated resilience indicator. Scenario simulations revealed that an integrated approach can increase overall system resilience by 15–20% compared to isolated security improvements.

Machine learning experiments achieved a high classification accuracy (up to 0.98) across all models, with logistic regression providing the best balance between precision and recall.

Conclusion. Intelligent models based on fuzzy cognitive maps and machine learning methods provide effective assessments of the resilience of security systems in agricultural enterprises. The proposed approach allows for the consideration of uncertainty, modeling threat scenarios, and improving the adaptability of security systems. The practical significance of this work lies in the potential application of the developed models to improve infrastructure protection strategies, enhance information and physical security, and ensure the stable operation of enterprises in uncertain environments.

Background. In marker-assisted rice breeding, the accelerated development of varieties with superior grain quality traits through advanced biotechnological approaches requires the generation of segregating rice populations followed by phenotyping of genotypes for traits of interest. These segregating populations are used to identify genetic loci (QTLs) associated with complex traits, including rice grain quality, based on phenotypic data.

Purpose. The goal of the work was to evaluate experimental BC3 populations of rice based on physical characteristics of grain: size, vitreousity, fracturing, in order to carry out work on targeted selection based on phenotyping and genotyping data of promising plants - prototypes of varieties with specified traits in marker-assisted rice breeding.

Materials and methods. The study involved hybrids of 15 combinations of parental forms. The seeds were sown in vessels on the vegetation site of FSBSI Federal Scientific Rice Centre, Pryanishnikov’s mixture was used as the main fertilizer; as they ripened, the seeds were harvested manually. High-tech methods of phenotyping the breeding material were used to conduct the research. The grain size was estimated by the mass of 1000 absolutely dry grains using a moisture analyzer, an air-heat unit, and an automatic seed counter; the vitreousity and grain fracturing were estimated in transmitted light using a diaphanoscope.

Results. Genotypes were differentiated and distributed into groups for each trait. As a result of the quality study of the obtained BC3 samples, lines combining high technological grain quality traits were identified using phenotyping data. The mass of 1000 absolutely dry grains was in the range of 23.2-30.2 g in the group of medium-weight samples, the indices of vitreousity and fracturing were 62-93% and 1-9%, respectively.

Conclusion. As a result of the comparative analysis of hybrids and parental forms, combinations were noted for which the heterosis effect was typical for grain quality traits.

Background. The selection of optimal feed formulations is a primary factor determining the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture. The Australian Red Claw Crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868), known for its high growth rates and tolerance to water quality parameters, is a popular aquaculture species worldwide. However, the development of specialized feeds for this species remains insufficiently addressed. In practice, prepared feeds for other crustaceans or for sturgeon are commonly used for its cultivation. In natural habitats, the diet of this crayfish consists primarily of macrophytes (up to 87.5%) and detritus (42.8%), with the proportion of the plant component increasing with body size. The omnivorous feeding type creates opportunities for finding cheaper protein sources compared to fishmeal. Analysis of scientific research has shown that black soldier fly larvae and yellow mealworm can be used as alternatives to fishmeal in feeds for the Australian crayfish. Among plant-based raw materials, soybean, rapeseed, and peanut meal are unsuitable components. The specific feeding behavior of the Red Claw Crayfish necessitates sufficient stabilization and binding of feed pellets. Furthermore, the shape of the feed pellets must be considered, with the prism shape being the most preferable. Developing feed formulations that account for the biological specifics of the Red Claw Crayfish will enhance the efficiency of its aquaculture and reduce costs for farmers.

Purpose. To identify the main dietary characteristics and nutritional requirements of the Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus in order to develop feed formulations that ensure high farming efficiency and economic sustainability in aquaculture.

Materials and methods. A comparative – analytical approach was applied in this study. The information base was formed through the analysis of more than 150 scientific publications from both domestic and international sources. Literature searches were conducted in databases such as eLibrary, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Wiley, and others, using keywords in both Russian and English.

Results. The analysis revealed that Cherax quadricarinatus is capable of effectively digesting both plant- and animal-based dietary components. Protein was identified as the primary limiting nutrient, with an optimal content for juveniles ranging between 30-33%. As an alternative to fish meal – the most expensive component of aquafeeds – promising protein sources include black soldier fly larvae, yellow mealworms, poultry by-products, and microbial protein DREAMFEED. The species’ specific feeding behavior necessitates high water stability and mechanical strength of feed pellets, as well as adjustment of their shape and size according to crayfish age; prismatic pellets are considered optimal. Experimental studies of both domestic and international feed formulations demonstrated that the use of alternative protein sources and locally available raw materials can reduce feed costs without compromising growth rates or survival.

Conclusion. The efficiency of Cherax quadricarinatus aquaculture is largely determined by the quality and nutritional balance of the feed. The biological features of this species, including its versatile digestive system and ability to process a wide range of organic substances, provide a basis for the development of diets using alternative protein sources. Diets that maintain an optimal balance of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals contribute to enhanced productivity, survival, and profitability of aquaculture farms. The improvement of feed formulations and manufacturing technologies aimed at increasing water stability and adapting pellet size to different developmental stages represents a key direction for the further advancement of Cherax quadricarinatus aquaculture.

Background. In modern agriculture, enhancing the durability and efficiency of machinery components, such as soil tiller blades, is crucial for improving productivity and sustainability. In this context, the study of advanced materials like glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyesters presents a relevant challenge.

Purpose. The aim of this research was to experimentally investigate the possibility of improving the properties of this composite material for the production of agricultural machinery parts.

Materials and Methods. For the study, samples were made from glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester with various proportions of added components. The samples were divided into two groups: one group underwent thermal treatment, while the other remained untreated. Mechanical property testing was conducted using standard tensile tests to determine the values of tensile strength. Observations were also made regarding changes in mechanical properties under prolonged heat exposure.

Results. The results showed that samples with optimized proportions of added components, without direct thermal treatment, exhibited lower tensile strength values compared to samples that underwent thermal treatment. However, with prolonged application of heat over a relatively long period, the strength values began to decrease significantly. This indicates that extended heating leads to increased brittleness of the polyester composition and enhances reactions occurring within the mixture, negatively affecting the strength properties of the material under investigation.

Conclusion. The obtained data indicate a complex relationship between thermal treatment and the strength characteristics of the material. While thermal treatment may initially improve properties, prolonged heat exposure can lead to structural degradation and reduced strength. These results highlight the importance of optimizing technological processes in the production of soil tiller bladeto achieve a balance between enhancing mechanical properties and preventing undesirable changes associated with thermal treatment. Tensile test results showed that proportions approved for the production of glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester soil tiller blade without direct thermal treatment lead to lower tensile strength values compared to thermally treated samples. This suggests incomplete curing of the mixture, resulting in a reduction of the studied mechanical properties. Furthermore, prolonged heat exposure for a relatively long duration (up to 72 hours) caused a significant decrease in tensile strength values. This indicates that prolonged heating enhances the reactions occurring within the mixture, leading to increased brittleness of the polyester composition and adversely affecting its strength characteristics. The study demonstrated that the correct choice of component proportions and thermal treatment regimes is critical for achieving optimal mechanical properties of glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyesters. These results could serve as a foundation for further research and development in materials science aimed at creating more efficient and durable materials for use in agricultural machinery.

Background. At the present stage of urban development in Donbass, the problem of the ecological state of the environment and the assessment of ecosystem sustainability has become particularly acute, aggravated by the impact of new anthropogenic and manmade factors. One of the priority tasks of the region is the selection of species and the scientific substantiation of the list of the main forest-forming species of Donbass.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ecological and biological properties of species of the genus Acer L., growing in the changing climate of Donbass and anthropogenic stress.

Materials and methods. Field research and material collection were carried out in the period from 2023 to 2025 along the highways of Donetsk city and park areas. During the study, trees of six species of the genus Acer L. were evaluated. in the conditions of the steppe zone of Donbass: Acer campestre L., Acer negundo L., Acer platanoides L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Acer saccharinum L., Acer tataricum L. The viability of the trees was assessed using the Alekseev integral scale. To assess the strength and mechanical stability of woody plants growing in an urbanized city, the following parameters were used: bending resistance, maximum permissible load and weight, relative bending resistance.

Results. As a result of the conducted research, the ecological and biological properties of six species of the genus Acer L. are described. The viability, morphometric parameters, and age structure of Acer L. plantings have been determined. From the standpoint of biomechanics of living systems, species with higher wood density and fiber elasticity, A. campestre and A. platanoides, demonstrate increased resistance to mechanical damage, which allows them to withstand extreme weather events and maintain their structure in conditions of anthropogenic impact. For plants A. negundo, from the standpoint of the anatomical features of wood and the physico-mechanical properties of tissues in an urban environment, after 35 years, mechanical stability decreases by ~60%, which affects the accident rate of such trees. A. tataricum retains stable physico-mechanical characteristics both under control conditions and in areas exposed to anthropogenic influences. This fact indicates the potential expediency of its use in landscaping projects. However, given its aggressiveness, selective rather than large-scale use is recommended, for example, for the formation of hedges or alley plantings.

Conclusion. The results obtained can be used to develop urban greening strategies, taking into account the sustainability and adaptability of various species of the genus Acer L. This will create more stable and functional urban ecosystems in a changing climate, as well as capable of withstanding anthropogenic factors and providing favorable conditions for human and animal life.

Background. The results of the study of the production process of intensive and extensive rice varieties are summarized in a single database (DB) registered in Rospatent No. 202462462. It includes two main parts: descriptions of the object of study and tabular data having a structure and interrelations according to the logical scheme, which was created in the Microsoft Access program. The latter manages the database (DBMS) of biological features that form the rice yield. The database contains data for identifying the interaction of biological features of plants with their optical characteristics in the formation of the yield of rice agrophytocenoses and the introduction of scientifically sound methods for monitoring the physiological state of crops and forecasting the yield. In vegetation and microfield experiments, the patterns of growth and formation of productivity of different types of rice varieties are considered. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of donor-acceptor relationships in plants and crops as the main stage of the production process, determining the economic productivity of genotypes.

Purpose. The aim of the research is to study the production process of intensive and extensive rice varieties.

Materials and methods. The research was carried out in two experiments: a vegetation-microfield experiment and a field experiment (2017-2024).

Results. The developed database contains a set of data reflecting information on the biological characteristics of plants that determine rice yield. Research on monitoring rice crops was conducted in the physiology laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Rice”. The developed database is necessary to identify the interaction of biological characteristics of plants with their optical characteristics. In this version of the program, five basic forms are used to enter the initial data, with the help of which data is entered, edited and viewed: information on the yield and its structure (productivity); optical characteristics of the object (optical indicators); information on the research material (research material); information on climatic conditions (climatic data); Variety passport (characteristics of the variety under study).

Conclusion. The structure of the DB of morphophysiological features of rice plants is presented. Information support for monitoring rice agrophytocenoses is carried out based on the entered data on biological features that form rice yield. Specialists of rice-growing farms to monitor the state of rice crops, adjust nitrogen fertilization and forecast the yield use the presented DB.

Background. Tire properties are the main factors determining traction and agricultural technological performance of wheeled mobile energy vehicles.

Purpose. The purpose of the research is to study the traction indicator efficiency of large-sized tires of various designs for equipping the running system of mobile power equipment of the fifth traction class.

Materials and methods. Traction efficiency, as a universal indicator of the operation efficiency of a wheeled mobile energy machine, is largely determined by the pneumatic tire design of a running system. Therefore, serial tires 30.5R-32 and 33R-32, tires with optimized shell reinforcement 30.5R-32M and 33R-32M, and tires of experimental (diagonal-parallel) design 33DP-32 were used as objects of research.

The research of tires designed for tractors’ driving wheels of the fifth traction class, in order to establish their traction and energy parameters, was carried out experimentally by testing them on a specially manufactured tire test bench.

Traction properties tests of tires (at various air pressures in them) were carried out on different supporting bases: concrete, stubble of grain ears, and a field for sowing.

Results’ confirmation was obtained during traction tests of the K-701M tractor when its running system was equipped with tested tires.

Results. As a result of the traction tests carried out on a tractor of the fifth traction class (K-701M), the undoubted advantage of installing tires with optimal internal reinforcement parameters on its driving wheels over equipping them with mass-produced tires was established.

All tires tested on a concrete base showed almost the same traction characteristics, but still the 30.5R-32M, 33R-32M and 33DP-32 tires had slightly higher values.

On stubble and in the field for sowing, the 30.5R-32M, 33R-32M and 33DP-32 tires showed a higher traction efficiency of 0.03 or more due to a decrease in slipping by 5...16% compared to the production ones. It should be noted that the 33R-32M and 33DP-32 tires have a noticeable advantage in traction performance at both agricultural ranges when setting a reduced intraperitoneal pressure, which is 0.11 and 0.09 MPa for them, respectively, on stubble and 0.09 and 0.07 MPa in the field for sowing.

Conclusion. It is proved that the K-701M tractor, which had upgraded and experimental tires installed on the driving wheels, showed a higher (from 7 to 19%) conditional traction efficiency compared to the complete set of its chassis system with serial tires.

It was found that the serial tires 30.5R-32 and 33R-32, when tested on a rigid support, showed almost the same traction efficiency. The best traction and energy performance on concrete was shown by the upgraded 33R-32M tires and, especially, the 33DP-32, which showed a traction efficiency of almost 0.84 due to slight slipping (3.2%).

At various agricultural farms, the serial tire 30.5R-32 demonstrated the lowest traction performance, while the diagonal-parallel tire 33DP-32 demonstrated the highest traction performance.

Background. The study provides definitions of “capital”, “total capital”, “financial stability”, “solvency”, and analyzes the influence of the composition and structure of total capital on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural formations. The study was based on general scientific methods of cognition. The study examined the history of the development of the definition of “capital” and its components, systematized the risks that have a negative impact on the solvency and financial stability of agricultural enterprises. The article defines the components of the total capital of agricultural enterprises, examines their relationship, as well as the relationship between financial stability and solvency, selects indicators that most fully characterize the level of financial stability and solvency of economic entities, analyzes the impact of total capital on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises. The study formulates the main problems that have a negative impact on the composition and structure of total capital and, as a consequence, on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises, and suggests directions for optimizing the composition and structure of total capital that can have a positive impact on the level of financial stability and solvency of agricultural businesses.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of total capital on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises.

Materials and methods. The study was based on the following methods of knowledge: static, dialectical, logical, comparative, and also used the methods of modeling, formalization, synthesis, induction, deduction, analysis, grouping, observation, absolute, relative, average values.

The empirical basis of the study was the main forms of accounting statements of agricultural businesses operating in the southern regions of the Rostov region, as well as official statistics.

The scientific and methodological basis of the study was the legislatively enshrined principles of drawing up accounting and statistical reports, methods of analyzing financial stability and solvency, articles of domestic and foreign accounting in scientific publications, materials of scientific and practical conferences, monographs.

Results. Optimal interaction of the components of the total capital ensures effective management of an agricultural enterprise in modern business conditions and has a direct impact on its financial stability and solvency.

The study showed that all enterprises where equity capital occupies a predominant share in the financial capital are more financially stable than those that carry out statutory activities at the expense of borrowed sources of financing.

The share of debt coverage of agricultural enterprises depends to a greater extent on the amount of financial capital in the structure of total capital, that is, the larger the share of equity capital in the total capital, the greater the likelihood of timely coverage of debt obligations to counterparties. The probability of repaying current debt is higher for those enterprises that have a large share of borrowed capital in the total.

The lowest level of total solvency is observed at an enterprise with a large share of borrowed capital.

Thus, the ratio of financial capital components in the total capital affects the level of financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises. Physical capital as part of total capital has an indirect impact on the financial stability and solvency of agricultural enterprises.

Conclusion. Different forms of ownership and sizes of the enterprises under study do not have a significant impact on the composition and structure of their total capital. This fact has a negative impact on the level of their financial stability and solvency, which suggests the need to develop measures to optimize the composition and structure of the capital of enterprises, taking into account the conditions for implementing their statutory activities.

Background. This article discusses the problem of soil degradation from flooding and waterlogging. The analysis of the influence of these factors on the quality of land resources and agricultural productivity is given. As a solution, it is proposed to use digital surface modeling and other methods aimed at preventing erosion and improving soil condition. The article may be useful for scientists and specialists in the field of land reclamation and agronomy

Purpose. Objective of the study to explore numerical modeling in the study of agricultural land degradation processes.

Materials and methods. The research was conducted in the Dinsky district of the Krasnodar Territory, which belongs to the steppe zone. This area is characterized by significant humidification (from moderate to severe), relatively warm winters, short spring, hot summers, and long warm autumn. The annual rainfall in recent decades has increased to 643 mm, including 370 mm for the warm period (April – October) and 273 mm for the cold period (November – March).

Results. A feature of the territory has been determined, which is weak slopes and depressions of the terrain, in which even small obstacles to surface and ground runoff in wet years can lead to waterlogging of soils. Closed relief depressions (saucers) were formed due to subsidence of soils under the influence of natural moisture. Due to the high porosity and significant carbonate content, loess-like rocks of the irrigation site are predisposed to subsidence phenomena that occur during irrigation or during waterlogging of rocks. The territory is in the initial stage of degradation caused by flooding and waterlogging of the land. Land degradation is caused by natural and anthropogenic factors, where anthropogenic factors are more strongly influenced.

Conclusion. For intensive use of the studied territory (which is represented by meadow-chernozem leached weakly developed soils) in agricultural production, it is necessary to: carry out reclamation work on drainage (reducing the level of high water) by installing tubular periodic drainage in irrigation fields with the withdrawal of excess water into drainage channels that are located parallel to the irrigation fields; construction of absorption wells in the centers of low-lying areas of fields with upstream and outlet through drainage pipes into drainage channels that are located parallel to irrigation fields; to improve water permeability and aeration, eliminate the plow sole and reduce the density of the humus horizon of meadow-chernozem leached weakly silted soils, use chisels or deep dredges once every 2-3 years; change the composition of crop rotation by increasing the proportion of legumes crops; application of organic matter to the fields in the amount of 8-10 t/ha for 5 years.

Background. The article presents the results of an experimental study evaluating the effect of the probiotic strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-11475, used in dosages of 4×109 and 4×107 CFU, on the metabolic profile of Zaanen goats, with an emphasis on the modulation of the composition of volatile fatty acids in intramuscular fat and the amino acid spectrum of muscle protein in the age periods of 8 months and 4 of the year. It was found that probiotic intervention induced a statistically significant modification of lipid metabolism, expressed in an increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids by 5.22-7.23% (8 months) and 1.62% (4 years), monounsaturated – by 1.14-2.95% and 0.4-2.26%, polyunsaturated – by 0.67-1.53% and 0.46–0.81%, as well as an increase in the level of linoleic acid by 0.83-1.13% and 0.05-0.24%, with a concomitant decrease in the concentration of linolenic acid by 0.19-0.49% and 0.04-0.17%, respectively. The data obtained highlight the potential of B. amyloliquefaciens as a functional additive for targeted correction of the nutritional status of productive animals.

Purpose. To study the effect of the probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the amino acid composition of goat meat

Materials and methods. A probiotic based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-11475 (B. amyloliquefaciens) was produced in the research laboratory of the individual entrepreneur and head of the farm “Tsirulev Evgeny Pavlovich”. The preparation is a light-brown liquid with an average concentration of 4×109 CFU. An experimental study was conducted at the goat milk production and processing farm of Semkina O.V. in the Privolzhsky District, Samara Region. Kids were selected as matched pairs, 10 animals per group, at 2 months of age. Three groups of animals, 10 animals each, were created for the experiment. The control group included young kids on a basic feeding ration. Goats in the first experimental group received a probiotic at a dose of 4×109, while those in the second experimental group received 4×107 30 minutes before feeding, one capsule per head once daily for one month, administered using a bolus dispenser. Animals were slaughtered at the age of 8 months. A similar experiment was conducted with animals aged 4 years; they were also given the probiotic annually for 2 months. The experiment examined the effect of the probiotic on the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat (studied using FT-MIR spectroscopy) and the amino acid composition of meat protein (studied using the method described in GOST 34132-2017, method for amino acid analysis).

Results. A significant quality indicator is not only the fat content but also the fatty acid composition of its lipid fraction. Animal fats contain essential polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and linolenic acids, which play a vital role in metabolic processes. Like essential amino acids, they are not synthesized in the body, or are synthesized to a limited extent. A prolonged lack of polyunsaturated acids in the diet leads to growth retardation, necrotic skin lesions, and changes in capillary permeability.

Conclusion. The use of a probiotic based on Bacillus amyloliquefaciens VKPM B-11475 in raising Saanen goats demonstrates a positive effect on the lipid and amino acid composition of meat. In the short term (8 months), an increase in the proportion of saturated fatty acids by 5.22-7.23%, monounsaturated fatty acids by 1.14-2.95%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids by 0.67-1.53% was observed, including an increase in linoleic acid content by 0.83-1.13%, while linolenic acid decreased by 0.19–0.49%. In the long-term experiment (4 years), the changes persist, but are more pronounced: an increase in saturated fatty acids by 1.62%, monounsaturated by 0.4-2.26%, polyunsaturated by 0.46-0.81% and linoleic acid by 0.05-0.24%, as well as a decrease in the content of linolenic acid by 0.04-0.17%.

Background. In recent years, the use of antibiotics in aquaculture has raised increasing concern due to the development of microorganism resistance to antibacterial drugs and the negative impact on the ecosystem. Therefore, search for alternative methods for treating and preventing fish diseases has become an urgent task. Promising alternatives for the prevention and treatment of aquaculture species include the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, phytobiotics, bacteriophages, and quorum sensing (QS) inhibition mechanisms. The state of the microflora of aquatic organisms is crucial for enhancing the organism’s resistance to infectious diseases. Thus, using agents that can positively influence the microbiota, exert antimicrobial effects, and modulate the immune system is essential for the effective development of the aquaculture industry. This article discusses some of the main fish diseases, the likelihood of which increases with the intensification of aquaculture. Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas are often the cause of diseases and financial losses in the industry. The work provides an overview of alternative methods for preventing and treating fish diseases that can reduce the use of antibacterial drugs, including the application of vaccines, probiotics, prebiotics, and bacteriocins.

Purpose. To investigate alternative methods of treatment and prevention of fish diseases.

Materials and methods. In the study, a method of collecting, analyzing, and systematizing of published scientific sources was used. The collection of literary information was carried out using reference databases such as Science Direct, Research Gate, Google Scholar, National Library of Medicine, Wiley Online Library, and others. To search for suitable scientific publications, keywords such as «aquaculture», «diseases», «bacterial fish diseases», «probiotics», «prebiotics», «synbiotics», «bacteriocins», «phytobiotics», and «quorum sensing» were used individually or in various combinations. The search period was limited to scientific works published between 2014 and 2024.

Results. As alternative methods, vaccination, quorum sensing inhibition, bacteriophages, as well as probiotics, prebiotics, phytobiotics, and others can be used. The state of the fish microbiome has an important impact on the likelihood of developing of infectious processes. For example, it has been reported that fish with a healthy microbiome more effectively controlled and suppressed the colonization and dissemination of bacteria of the genus Aeromonas than fish with a disrupted microbiota. Currently, probiotic microorganisms are most commonly used as agents that can influence the microflora and correct the microbial balance [36]. Probiotics are most commonly represented with bacteria, including species from cultures Bacillus sp., Lactococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Carnobacterium sp., Enterococcus sp., Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus and Weissella sp. Some strains of yeast and algae may be used too. Probiotics are most commonly represented with a group of lactic acid bacteria, as among all microorganisms with registered probiotic properties, they are considered to have a higher safety profile. They can produce antimicrobial substances and positively influence the immune system of the macroorganism. Probiotics used in aquaculture must undergo a special assessment to determine their potential for application, taking into account the specifics of the industry. The main spectrum of action of probiotic microorganisms in the intestines of aquatic organisms lies in their anti-adhesive effect against pathogenic strains, the production of antimicrobial substances (including bacteriocins and defensins), competition with pathogenic flora, enhancement of the host’s resistance properties, alteration of the intestinal pH level, and activation of the immune system.

Conclusion. Thus, despite the intensification of aquaculture and the increased likelihood of infectious diseases in aquaculture species, the worsening issue of antibiotic resistance and the irrational use of antibacterial drugs necessitate the development and implementation of alternative methods for controlling fish diseases.

Background. During operation, the condition of the machine is subject to constant changes, occurring unpredictably and depending on a multitude of operating factors that affect the wear and tear of individual machine components to varying degrees, requiring different amounts of repair and maintenance for each piece of equipment. Preliminary diagnosis of the entire system or its individual parts helps to accurately determine the amount of maintenance or repair required. This study analyzes methods for improving the accuracy and reliability of machine technical condition assessment. Also considered are the key factors of technical diagnostics that provide assessment of the current parameters of the object and prediction of the state on the basis of data obtained through direct or indirect measurements. The authors propose a method of evaluating the efficiency of diagnostic procedures taking into account various combinations of influencing factors. The influence of the marginal cost of diagnostics on the total specific repair costs is shown.

Purpose. The purpose of the research is to study the role of diagnostics in the issues of improving the objectivity of the assessment of the technical condition of machines

Materials and methods. Availability of information on specific values of controlled parameters allows to control the threat of disturbance of normal operation of machines. Assessment of the state of machinery is carried out by comparing the actual values of parameters with the specified norms. Detailed control requires methods of monitoring the monitored parameters, including the collection of additional data on how these parameters change over time. Modern technical devices are equipped with a continuous condition monitoring function, which makes it possible to continuously monitor the operation of machines and equipment. Early fault detection includes a set of measures to identify emerging defects, determine their root causes, and carefully analyze the nature and degree of development of these problems. Technical diagnostics consists in assessment and forecasting of the object state based on the results of direct or indirect measurements of state parameters or diagnostic parameters.

Results. The results of this study show that diagnostics allows management at two levels: technical state and technological process. At the first level, diagnostics is directly related to maintenance (TO), while at the second level it is more related to the organization of technological processes.

Conclusion. Application of modern methods, tools and approaches to diagnostics in the system of maintenance and repair will increase its efficiency due to more complete utilization of operational characteristics of each individual object.

Background. The main units of an agricultural machines for subsoil fertilizer application are the hopper and metering unit, which provides uniform fertilizer supply to all sowing working bodies. As a result of the main research, a hopper and metering device with a vibratory plate operating in forced oscillation mode was proposed, and in this paper installation types of vibratory plate on a chamber have been theatrically investigated. The main goal of the study is to define more effective type of installation. The vibratory plate was modeled as a flexible rod with two fixed ends and one degree of freedom, then the vibration amplitudes and frequencies for 4 types of mounting were investigated. According to theoretical studies, a rational model for fixing the vibrating plate is a fixed rod with two ends fixed pivotally.

Purpose. The aim of the present study is to perform the justification of the vibration plate installation type of the hopper of the fertilizer applying machine.

Materials and methods. Figure 1 presents the scheme and experimental example of the proposed hopper. To simulate the fastening scheme of the AB plate ends, 4 ways of fixing are proposed in Figure 3. As a result, we calculate the frequency for each circuit, compare them with real frequencies and select one of the four ways of fixing. During the research, it has been calculated the frequency for each circuit, compare them with real frequencies and select one of the four ways of fixing. To solve the problem described above, in the first approximation, the oscillation of the AB plate is modeled as the oscillation of an elastic system with one degree of freedom presented in Figure 4. The unknown parameters are determined by boundary conditions.

Results. The effective installation type of the vibratory plate has determined by modeling it as a flexible plate with two ends fixed with one degree of freedom. Vibration amplitudes and frequencies for the 4 ways of fixing the plate as vibrations of an elastic system were determined. By modeling a fixed vibrating plate with two ends that is a one-dimensional continuous system, amplitude problems and frequency equations of specific and involuntary vibrations of the plate were obtained. According to results it concluded that the rational model of a vibrating plate is a fixed plate with two ends hinged. The specific frequency of the plate was approximately the same as the results of the calculation of the body model identified earlier.

Conclusion. The studied data is required for further analysis using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM).

According to the general search, it should be noted that the seeding device with the proposed compensating chamber provides 4.37–6.63% seeding unevenness and 5–5.8% seeding instability.

Background. The study is devoted to the study of the main fish-breeding and biological characteristics (growth rates, survival, etc.) of juvenile Australian red-clawed crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens, 1868) when kept in different temperature conditions. In the experiment, two temperature zones were compared: 22 °C (suboptimal conditions for commercial cultivation) and 26 °C (optimal conditions). The results showed that at a temperature of 22 °C, there was a higher increase in weight (18.03%) and length (4.19%) compared to suboptimal conditions (5.99% and 4.92%, respectively). The Fulton fatness ratio decreased in both groups. The data obtained is important for commercial aquaculture for the correct development of cultivation biotechnologies.

Purpose. The aim of the work was to study the main fish-breeding, biological and physiological parameters of juvenile C. quadricarinatus when they are kept in different temperature conditions.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 73-day-old C. quadricarinatus individuals (n=40), divided into 2 groups of 20 specimens each. in each. Group No. 1 was kept at a temperature of 22-23°C, group No. 2 – at 26-27°C. The specimens were placed in polypropylene containers with overall dimensions of 74x57x41 cm. Each tank had an individual recycled water filtration system. To reduce cannibalism, PVC pipe shelters were placed in the tank. The duration of the experiment was 28 days.

The main water parameters were monitored daily using specialized equipment and sets of test systems. Feeding was carried out twice a day: frozen chironomid larvae (50%) and young bean fruits (50%) in the amount of 6% of the biomass.

The body weight and length of each individual were measured every 7 days of the experiment. Based on the data obtained, the main fish-breeding and biological indicators (Fulton fatness coefficient, specific growth rate, survival rate) were calculated. Amino acid analysis was performed by capillary electrophoresis after acid/alkaline hydrolysis of muscle tissue. To minimize errors, averaged samples from individuals of different sizes were used.

Results. During the study, the hydrochemical regime corresponded to the optimal values for the content of C. quadricarinatus. The absence of toxic nitrogen compounds, as well as copper ions, made it possible to create the necessary conditions for the experiment. In group No. 1, the water temperature averaged 22.26 °C, and in group No. 2 – 26.96 °C. The concentration of dissolved oxygen (O2) during the experiment averaged 7.52 mg/l and 7.87 mg/l, respectively. As a result of the research, it was found that in group No. 1, the body weight of juveniles increased by 5.99%, length – by 4.92%, while the Fulton fatness coefficient decreased by 8.18%. In group No. 2, weight gain was more pronounced (18.03%), with a moderate increase in length (4.19%) and a smaller decrease in fatness ratio (4.1%). The analysis of the amino acid composition of muscle tissue revealed significant differences between the studied groups. The concentration of arginine in the muscles of juvenile crayfish from group 1 was significantly higher than in group 2. The total concentrations of glutamic acid and glutamine were also higher under suboptimal conditions. These changes most likely indicate metabolic adaptation to stressful conditions, especially at temperatures close to the lower optimal limit of the species. Thus, during the experiment, it was found that the water temperature of 26-27 °C contributes to higher growth rates and survival of juveniles, while 22-23 ° C causes changes in the physiological status of C. quadricarinatus.

Conclusion. The study revealed differences in the fish-biological and physiological parameters of C. quadricarinatus juveniles kept in different temperature conditions. At an average temperature of 26.96°C, the maximum increase in weight (18.03%) and body length (4.19%) was observed, while at 22.26°C these indicators were significantly lower (5.99% and 4.92%, respectively). Although the survival rate remained high (95-100%) in both cases, a decrease in the fatness coefficient by 8.18% at a lower temperature indicates the stress effect of this factor on the aquatic organisms. Amino acid analysis showed an increased content of arginine (5.315%) and glutamic acid (4.221%) in individuals kept at a temperature of 22-23 ° C, which indicates the activation of compensatory metabolic mechanisms. These data probably indicate the high possible adaptability of the species in question to changing environmental conditions. The results obtained are of great practical importance for the further development of crustacean aquaculture (astaculture) in the climatic conditions of the Russian Federation.

Background. Under the conditions of the global shortage of accessible animal proteins, the task to develop the effective strategy aimed at the minimizing negative consequences of the production intensification and optimization of economic indicators in aquaculture becomes urgent. One of the most promising directions in this regard is the use of probiotic additives demonstrating substantial potential for increasing productivity in the farming of aquatic organisms.

Purpose. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the fish farming parameters of fingerlings of the F1 hybrid Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833 x Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869 with short-term administration of probiotics of enzymatic and antimicrobial spectrum of action into the diet.

Materials and methods. The research work was carried out in the conditions of an integrated fish farming enterprise in the Volgograd region. The material was 900 specimen of fingerlings F1 Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833 x Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869 (RoLo) at the age of 53 days, which were divided into 3 groups (control, experiment No. 1, experiment No. 2). Fish’ diet consisted of feed with a crude protein content of 56.0±1.5%. The experimental groups of fish additionally received probiotic supplements as part of their diet: experiment No. 1 – a multi-strain probiotic with an antimicrobial spectrum of action (strains Bacillus velezensis MT55, B. velezensis МТ155), experiment No. 2 – a multi-strain probiotic with an enzymatic spectrum of action (strains B. velezensis MT14, B. velezensis MT42). The compound feeds of both experimental groups contained 0.1% probiotic powder. The experiment was carried out for 10 days. To assess the fish farming criteria, morphometric characteristics of fish were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment. The significance of the differences in the obtained values was determined using the ANOVA test. The differences between the groups were considered significant at p <0.05.

Results. During 10 days of observations, a positive effect of an enzymatic probiotic (bacterial strains B. velezensis MT14, B. velezensis MT42) on the growth rate of the F1 hybrid Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt, 1833 x Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869 was established: the average individual weight of individuals receiving an enzymatic probiotic in the diet was 36.89% higher compared with the control group (p>0.05). The increase in total biomass in this group was 56.95% higher than in the control group. The values of the specific growth rate in this group of fish were also higher compared to the control and experimental group No. 1.

Conclusion. The data obtained confirm the prospects of using probiotics, especially the enzymatic spectrum of action, to intensify sturgeon aquaculture, improve their growth and reduce feed costs. The study highlights the importance of further developments in the field of specialized probiotic supplements to improve the efficiency of fish farming.