No 1 (2024)

This paper presents the results of a scientific study aimed at determining the effectiveness of the synthetic concept of dreams when applied in the field of psychological psychotherapy (psychocorrection) and (or) in the field of personality development. Accordingly, the mental reality of the subjects is presented as an object of research, and as its subject of research – "transformation of the states and (or) personality characteristics of the participants in the experiment in the context of the use of a synthetic algorithm for working with dreams." The research was conducted in the form of an experiment, the participants of which, in interaction with the experimenter, who performed the function of interpreter and "guide", comprehended their dreams and carried out direct work with them. The main conclusions drawn on the basis of the results of the study were the confirmation of the effectiveness of the presented synthetic concept of dreams and, therefore, the idea of dreaming as a natural psychotherapeutic (psychocorrective) mechanism, as well as the material with which work contributes to the development of personality. Taking into account the high scientific interest and practical significance of studying the integral structure of a person's mental reality in the context of improving his psychological well-being in a stressful environment and, at the same time, the known complexity of the study of such a phenomenon as dreams, the work can claim the status of one of the steps to scientific discovery.

Professional experience assists specialists in processing information more quickly and effectively making precise decisions. Visual expertise, as a crucial component of experience, refers to the capability to rapidly perceive visual information within a specific professional domain, acquired through systematic education, professional development, and practice. Numerous studies utilize eye-tracking methods to analyze the relationship between professional experience and gaze patterns. For instance, experienced dermatologists have developed optimal scanning patterns, allowing them to efficiently allocate attention and accurately identify key diagnostic features within images amidst numerous secondary details. The purpose of this study is to analyze changes in oculomotor patterns after completing the author’s training program for doctors, aimed at versatile aesthetic analytics of the face, building individual treatment protocols and increasing the patient’s adherence to aesthetic medicine in order to assess the possibility of developing observation in the conditions of short-term training. Thirty cosmetic doctors participated in the study, which utilized eye-tracking methods with the Neuroburo program-hardware complex. The study was conducted in two phases – before and after training – with 15 patient facial images exhibiting various dermatological issues presented on a computer screen to the cosmetic doctors. Participants were tasked with identifying signs of dermatological disorders of the patients. Following training, a decrease in the number of fixations, an increase in saccadic amplitude, and a reduction in the overall scanning path length were observed among the cosmetic doctors. These findings indicate a more optimized perception strategy and suggest a more systematic and directed approach to diagnostic image analysis. The results suggest an enhanced global perception ability among the doctors, which may aid in recognizing broader patterns and structures and understanding the wider context and relationships between details.

The subject of the study is individual-psychological features of patriotism and value orientations of Russian students. The authors consider patriotism in the context of A.I. Krupnov's system-functional approach. In this case, patriotism acts as a personality property consisting of eight components. Each of the components is represented by harmonic and anharmonic variable. The features of the relationship between patriotism and personality factors and the structure of value orientations are investigated in detail. The authors used the form test of patriotism research "Patriogram" (S. I. Kudinov, A. V. Potemkin); Five-factor personality questionnaire NEO FFI (Costa, McCray) in the adaptation of M. V. Bodunov and S. D. Biryukov; Diagnostic personality questionnaire NEO FFI (Costa, McCray). D. Biryukov; Diagnostics of the real structure of value orientations of personality (S. S. Bubnova). An important result of the study is the revealed statistically reliable features of Russian students' patriotism, as well as the correlations of this property with personality factors and value orientations. The obtained results make it possible to say that patriotism of students of modern Russian universities is characterized by socially significant orientation, aenergy, stenichnost, internality, sociocentricity, meaningfulness and dominant difficulties of operational content in the process of realization of this property of personality. It is also revealed that conscientiousness, openness to experience and extraversion are important personality factors that facilitate the process of student's manifestation of patriotism. In turn, neuroticism aggravates operational and personality difficulties accompanying the realization of patriotism. It was revealed that the values of love and health are interrelated with a stable and emotionally positive manifestation of patriotism, and the value in recognition and respect correlates with sociocentric motivation in the context of the realization of this personality property.

The article presents the results of a study on the role of the level of education received in shaping the time perspective of the future in adolescence. The object of the study is boys and girls from 15 to 23 years old. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the time perspective in youth, related to the level of education received. The purpose of this research is to study the differences in the characteristics of the time perspective in adolescence, depending on the level of education received. And the hypothesis was the assumption that there are differences in the characteristics of the time perspective of boys and girls related to the level of education received. The author examines in detail the aspect of the topic related to the differences in the time perspective of boys and girls depending on the level of education received. The study was conducted using the method of unfinished sentences of J.Nyutten. The main conclusions of the study were the following statements: - the future of teenagers, boys and girls studying at school is focused on the time period "schooling", and for boys and girls studying at colleges this is the time of "vocational education after school"; - the future of university students is focused on the time period "professional autonomy, work", but this is not relevant for college students. The author's scientific contribution to the study of the topic was to clarify the available data on the formation of a time perspective in youth. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the features of the time perspective in youth associated with studying in educational institutions such as schools, institutions of secondary special education or universities have been identified.

The research is devoted to the study of the specifics of oculomotor activity of patients with schizophrenia when solving the cognitive task of searching for common (similar) signs in 4 stimulus images and, on this basis, the exclusion of 1 superfluous object on the cards of the "Exclusion of the 4th superfluous" technique. Oculomotor activity is a reliable biomarker of both conscious and unconscious cognitive processes, and eye movement patterns serve as a quantitative (objective) characteristic of the process of perception, attention and thinking in real time. When solving cognitive tasks, the subject of study was the mental processes of patients with schizophrenia: comparison, classification, generalization, abstraction, which were revealed in the responses of patients in the "Exclusion of the fourth superfluous" technique. The respondents' answers were analyzed depending on the level of generalization: by categorical and functional criteria, by specific situational criteria, and latent criteria. To assess the characteristics of oculomotor activity, the AI tracker method was used using a hardware and software complex for contactless registration of human oculomotor activity. To assess the characteristics of mental activity, the “Exclusion of the fourth superfluous" technique was used. Patients with schizophrenia demonstrate difficulties in the recognition process, there is an emphasis on individual parts of the image, as well as: chaotic movements of the gaze between objects and their details. This indicates the need for a longer time period for image recognition, as well as difficulties in analyzing and identifying common essential features of objects (images), as a result of which schizophrenia patients carry out mental generalization operations based on a variety of, more often insignificant and latent signs, which is reflected in making the "wrong" decision. The study of eye movement during the solution of such mental tasks has shown that the characteristics of the gaze during the search for common features reflect the mental acts of comparison and generalization of essential features and can provide objective information about the difficulties and violations of the produced. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the features of oculomotor activity in patients with schizophrenia are closely related to disorders of cognitive processing of visual information at early levels of the thought process. Eye movements in solving cognitive tasks accompany the mental process of searching and selecting significant features from the general background of diverse visual information and reflect the difficulties of its selection.