No 2 (2025)

The subject of the study is the evolution of protectionist policy, including key stages and trends in historical and analytical contexts. Protectionism is one of the key tools used by governments to control and protect the national economy. It is applied both to ensure economic security and to support key industries. The historical-political analysis of the concept of protectionism is particularly relevant after the emergence of asymmetric security threats caused by international factors, which led to the return of protectionist practices after decades of globalization, economic liberalization, and trade policy implementation. During the formation of the foreign trade strategy based on protectionist principles, mercantilism served as the theoretical foundation. Accordingly, the aim of the study is to provide a comprehensive analysis of key historical stages and trends in the formation and development of the concept of protectionism. The research is based on the comprehensive application of various scientific methods, such as logical, comparative, structural analysis, synthesis, and historical analysis. A key methodological principle is the integration of theoretical and practical aspects, which determines the direction and content of the analytical work. To achieve the research objective, the main methodological approaches have been applied, including the dialectical method, retrospective analysis, and systemic analysis. The analysis of the evolution of mercantilist ideas allows for the conclusion that there has been a shift in protectionist policy from the use of monetary tools to those that stimulate domestic production and exports. Protectionism is actively applied in conditions of economic instability. However, the transition to trade liberalization occurs when the economic situation stabilizes and the level of development increases. At the same time, free trade may be accompanied by the use of hidden forms of protectionism. Despite forecasts from some experts that protectionist policies would gradually lose relevance in the context of globalization, it has not only persisted but has also successfully integrated into the new economic reality. The article proposes an author's definition of the concept of "protectionism," based on the results of a retrospective analysis of protectionism as a policy consisting of a set of tools aimed at supporting the economy of the state.

The subject of the study is globalization processes actively occurring in the global economy in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The focus of the research is the socio-economic and political consequences of globalization processes for world development. The goal of this work is a systematic theoretical investigation of globalization processes and their consequences for the global economy. In this study, the authors analyze the costs of globalization, manifested in the intensification of inter-country differentiation in levels of socio-economic development, marginalization of certain states and regions, a slowdown in their economic growth rates, an increase in conflict potential and associated military expenditures, which have prompted the activation of deglobalization trends in the world. The informational foundation for writing this work was provided by official data from the World Bank, the international information platform Statista, international analytical centers, information published in periodic scientific publications, and online resources. The research was based on a systematic approach to studying multi-level and hierarchical socio-economic systems. In the process of developing the research problem, the authors used dynamic, structural, and comparative analyses, synthesis, logical modeling, ranking, generalization, analogy, induction, and deduction. The theoretical basis of the presented research consists of fundamental analytical works dedicated to the analysis of globalization processes in the global economy. The authors reveal the stages of the development of globalization processes and present their theoretical foundation. The authors conclude that despite existing beliefs that globalization should lead to higher growth rates and improve the standard of living, this has not occurred in practice. While some countries managed to benefit from globalization, the economic situation in other countries has practically not changed or even worsened. The costs of globalization have been systematized: the marginalization of certain countries and regions accompanied by increasing unemployment, poverty, and inequality; the growing conflict potential in the world and associated military expenditures. The conclusion is substantiated about the significant slowdown in the dynamics of global trade and foreign direct investment after 2008, alongside the rise in tariff and non-tariff trade restrictions, and the widespread use of sanctions in international relations. A trend towards dynamically developing regionalization has been established, representing a fragmentation of the global economic space.

The Kyrgyz Republic occupies a strategically important geographical position at the intersection of interregional integration platforms. Consequently, the humanitarian space in the Republic is filled with acts of "soft power" aimed at promoting the political and economic projects of foreign countries. In the context of restrictions on NGO activities, interstate educational organizations integrated into the national education system and capable of influencing from within become particularly significant. The study substantiates the strategic importance of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University in the political, economic, and humanitarian context, reviews the national education system of Kyrgyzstan and the training of highly qualified personnel, as well as Russia's main project within this system, its functioning model, current development directions, and target benchmarks. The object of the proposed article is the national higher education system of the Kyrgyz Republic. The subject is the activity of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University (KRSU) in Kyrgyzstan since 2023. The purpose of the study is to identify the institutional significance of the KRSU in the higher education system of Kyrgyzstan. The methodological basis of the research includes: systemic method, historical method, institutional approach, content analysis, and participant observation method. The novelty of the research lies in examining the interstate educational organization as an element of the national higher education system within the framework of modern processes of its transformation, including those influenced by external actors in the context of Kyrgyzstan's geopolitical significance. A description of the national education system of Kyrgyzstan is provided as a system of an ethnic community that carries the state language, characterized by diasporic features, a predominant scientific orientation of education, and a secular nature of upbringing. Based on the analysis of the institutional foundations of the national higher education system of Kyrgyzstan and strategic documents, restraining factors and features of the target development model have been identified. An analysis of the legal framework for the functioning of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University in Kyrgyzstan has been conducted. Based on a historical and political review, the target benchmarks and key directions of the university's activities have been identified. According to the conclusions drawn, the significance of the university in the national higher education system lies in its representation by the Russian side as a typical model for the development of Kyrgyz universities aimed at orienting towards the formation of a unified educational space based on the Russian model.

The author thoroughly examines aspects of the topic such as the problem of patriotic education in Russia from the 1990s to the 2000s, when there was no unified state policy in the field of patriotic education for children and youth, and the consequences of its absence. The issue of a possible correlation between this gap in state policy and the protest sentiments and activities in Russian society, which were prominently expressed during a series of rallies on Bolotnaya Square in Moscow in 2011 and in the following years, is also carefully investigated. The author pays special attention to the current state of patriotic policy and its connection with the internal strengthening of Russian society at present. The research is based on statistical data obtained from sociological studies regarding the demographic indicators of individuals involved in protest movements, as well as those who consider themselves patriots, along with a comparative analysis of the data. The novelty of the conducted research lies in establishing a correlation between the absence of a unified state policy in the area of patriotism during the period between the 1990s and 2000s and a series of events in the form of protests, starting from Bolotnaya Square to protests against the ongoing special military operation. In conclusion, the author noted that for the sustainable development of the state, the implementation of patriotic policy is necessary, which consolidates society and makes it more resilient to external and internal destructive ideas and movements. The current patriotic education policy is clearly yielding positive results, as it is determined by the patterns of societal development. These results are notably reflected in the increasing number of individuals who identify as patriots of the country, as well as in the rise of volunteers willing to provide real support and help without any reward. Nevertheless, there is a pressing need to systematize this work at all levels of government.

The article is devoted to the study of the role of historical memory as an important element of the cultural sovereignty of the Russian Federation. The author focuses on the need for a comprehensive approach to this topic. The focus is on the problem of historical memory, especially in the context of the celebration of the 80th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Historical memory is considered not only as the basis of national security and self-identification, but also as a factor contributing to the cohesion of society and the consolidation of state and civil institutions. These aspects influence the formation of people's worldviews and behavior patterns in the context of globalization and technological change, especially among young people. The author emphasizes the importance of preserving the historical and cultural heritage, relying on original documents, monuments to military valor, declassified archives and legislative initiatives. These measures contribute to an in-depth study of the exploits of ancestors and the organization of memorial events. The scientific novelty lies in the comprehensive understanding of the relationship between historical memory and cultural sovereignty of Russia, supported by the analysis of current social, legal and technological aspects of preserving the memory of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. In conclusion, it should be noted that the principle of "no right to be forgotten" is not just a slogan, but a vital necessity, calling on us to remember and pass on the memory from generation to generation of those who defended peace and freedom. This principle also serves as the basis for creating a peaceful future based on respect for the history and culture of all peoples living in Russia. The theoretical and legal analysis confirms the importance of strengthening cultural sovereignty as a moral imperative of Russian society, which is based on historical facts and cultural traditions, for the successful development of human civilization in the 21st century. This study is interdisciplinary and includes elements of philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, political science and information law.

The article considers aspects of forming trust in technical innovations in the electoral process in Russia, the implementation of which is carried out in accordance with the state politics of managing electoral innovations. The purpose of the article is to identify and systematize factors that could contribute to the formation of trust in the implemented technical complexes and technological processes among participants in the electoral space in Russia based on the findings of the expert survey. The methodological basis of the study is the theory of diffusion of innovations, information networks and the dynamics of opinions. A review of the most significant technical electoral innovations in the modern Russian electoral process is implemented and their typology is proposed. The key factors influencing trust in electoral innovations are related to the turnout rate, the degree of understanding of the innovation and the availability of information about it, the state of digital literacy of process participants and the infrastructural provision of the electoral system. Trust is hindered by the presence of persistent destructive stereotypes. Current activities in the field of informing, explaining and educating participants in the electoral process do not fully meet the task of ensuring trust in technical innovations. The expediency of transforming communication approaches is substantiated, in particular, the revival of expert councils under election administration bodies and changing the approach to forming a pool of experts. A number of recommendatory proposals are put forward that could contribute to solving the practical problem of increasing trust in electoral innovations in Russia. Further research into the diffusion of innovations can focus on the problem of diffusion of stereotypes that spread in parallel with the innovation, as well as on the implementation of factor analysis to clarify the aspects on which trust in electoral innovations depends.

The subject of the research is the organization of cooperation between integration interregional associations - parliamentary associations and economic interaction associations of the subjects of the Russian Federation in federal districts during 2005-2012. The issues of forming a cooperation system for economic associations and parliamentary associations are considered, which was determined by the need to create unified rules for integration policy for federal districts and a unified system for coordinating the parameters of strategies and programs for the socio-economic development of the subjects of the Federation and federal districts. The main control functions for the implementation of integration policy in federal districts were carried out by the authorized representatives of the president, with the Councils under authorized representatives being the key coordinating bodies. Attention is drawn to the specific conditions for forming the cooperation system between interregional associations depending on the priorities for the socio-economic development of federal districts. As a methodological basis for the research, historical-genetic, problem-analytical, and historical-comparative methods were used, as well as structural-functional analysis. This allowed for the reconstruction of the historical context of the formation of the cooperation system between interregional associations and the assessment of the effectiveness of their integration potential. The author established that the formation of cooperation between the parliamentary associations of the subjects of the Russian Federation and economic interaction associations in federal districts took place in two stages. In 2005-2007, the basis for the interaction of economic interaction associations and parliamentary associations was the development and implementation of federal target and initiative economic programs. The coordination functions of cooperation for the activities of interregional associations were carried out by the authorized representatives of the president in federal districts, while the control functions were handled by the Ministry of Regional Development. In 2008-2012, with the unification of the main approaches to strategic socio-economic planning, the tasks of coordinating the implementation of socio-economic strategies and programs were handled by the Ministry of Regional Development, while the control functions were transferred to the representatives of the president. Parliamentary associations and economic interaction associations, which directly accumulate practical experience in implementing strategies, are defined as associations solving tasks of an informational-analytical and organizational-technical nature. Overall, from 2005 to 2012, the organization of cooperation between parliamentary associations and economic interaction associations was characterized by managed patterns, and due to the rapidly changing demands of federal policy, it was not fully formed. The implementation of federal agenda tasks was carried out in federal districts on a non-unified basis.

In the context of increasing global instability and accelerating processes of transformation of political and legal systems, the question of maintaining state stability through the lens of modernization of constitutional mechanisms has become particularly pressing. Constitutional systems, which traditionally served as stabilizing frameworks of state power, are increasingly facing challenges brought about not only by internal socio-political contradictions but also by external transnational factors. Contemporary constitutionalism, undergoing qualitative changes, is encountering challenges arising from the hybridization of forms of government, the strengthening of executive power, and changes in the nature of political legitimacy. The subject of this study is modified forms of constitutional mechanisms aimed at ensuring state stability in a changing normative and institutional environment. Special attention is paid to the institutional, normative, and functional aspects of the transformation of constitutional stability. The analysis covers both general patterns and the peculiarities of individual legal systems that demonstrate alternative models of stability. The methodology of the research is based on an interdisciplinary approach that combines doctrinal analysis, a comparative legal method, and elements of political and legal hermeneutics. The emphasis is placed on identifying stable trends and varied forms of modernization by comparing constitutional practices of different states. The novelty of the study lies in revealing the hidden mechanisms of adaptation of constitutional governance to the changing conditions of socio-political existence. The author proposes a conceptual distinction between formal stability and functional resilience, highlighting the non-linearity of these processes. The work substantiates that the modification of constitutional mechanisms is not merely a reaction to challenges but a form of institutional evolution, linked to a change in the paradigm of constitutionalism. It concludes that hybrid models of stability are being formed, combining elements of traditional and innovative solutions. Alongside this, the significance of political adaptability is increasing as the ability of legal and institutional systems to respond to challenges without undermining the legitimate basis of power. Political adaptability implies not only the flexibility of norms but also the capacity of institutions for internal restructuring, maintaining functionality in times of crisis, and incorporating new actors and meanings into the legal framework.