Vol 20, No 1 (2024): ТРУД, СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И СОЦИАЛЬНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКАЯ ПАМЯТЬ

The article analyzes the possibility of reducing the general level of consumer prices in the Russian economy. The labor theory of value was chosen as a theoretical basis for analyzing the dynamics of the price level. It is shown that the labor substance of a product of social production is manifested not only in its value, but also in its labor intensity. It is noted that the unity of labor intensity and cost determines the unidirectionality of changes in their levels. The reason for calculating labor intensity using primarily the value of living labor has been identified. The reason for the calculation of labor intensity using mainly the value of living labor is revealed. It is shown that the dynamics of the ratio of the volume of living labor to the value of the product of social production corresponds to the direction of change in the total labor intensity of this product. It is substantiated that the vector of change in the value of a product of social production can be judged by the dynamics of the costs of living labor for its creation. Taking into account the fact that the price is the money-form of value, the ability of the dynamics of the labor intensity of a product of social production to reflect the objectively possible direction of changes in the general price level is shown. It is proposed to use the sum of sectoral value added created in sectors with a predominance of productive labor to calculate the integral labor intensity. Data are presented for the period from 2005 to 2019, indicating a decrease in the labor intensity of the product of social production in general and its sectors producing consumer goods and services. It is shown that despite the decrease in the labor intensity of products in these sectors, and, therefore, their cost, the general level of consumer prices tends to increase. It is concluded that the possibility of lowering the general level of consumer prices in the Russian economy remains formal (abstract), that is, requiring the fulfillment of additional conditions for its implementation.

Currently, the widespread use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the formation of a digital economy have a significant impact on changes in the social functions of the state and, above all, state regulation of social and labor relations. However, this influence is not always taken into account when choosing specific mechanisms for regulating social relations, both at the level of the country as a whole and at the level of individual regions, as well as economic entities. The purpose of the article is to identify significant factors that have a significant impact on the implementation of state measures to regulate social and labor relations, including the identification of priority state measures in the field of normalization of relations in the labor market, differentiation of incomes of the population and provision of social protection in the context of the transition to a digital economy. The object of the study is the sphere of social relations, and the subject is the totality of relations between participants in social and labor relations (state, employees, employers and the unemployed) in the digital economy. Its methodological basis includes theoretical provisions that reveal the features of the digital economy as a special system that transforms the forms and content of social and labor relations. The new results obtained include the justification of priority government measures to regulate the labor market, protect the interests of employees and reduce income differentiation in the context of the widespread use of information and communication technologies. The theoretical and practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the results of the study can form the basis for a theoretical analysis of the characteristics of social and labor relations in the digital economy, develop social policy measures that are adequate to the new realities, which will significantly increase the efficiency of social policy of federal and regional authorities.

Positive transformations in Russia are inextricably linked to its labor resources, the most important part of which are representatives of the middle class, who create progressive technologies and implement innovations in all spheres of activity. It is the middle class that is focused on solving the problems of integration and development of modern society, which implies the expansion of the sphere of entrepreneurship contributing to the increase in income of employees and their households. Despite the variety of information in different statistical sources about the scale of platform employment, we found an increase in its use, which is confirmed by the intensification of entrepreneurs' trading activities on marketplaces of goods as a form of platform employment that increases the likelihood of its participants in the middle class. The article considers approaches to identify the middle class, among which the single-criteria approach, which takes into account the income of workers and their households, is selected as the preferred one. The authors emphasize the multilayer nature of the middle class, which is manifested in the presence of the core and its peripheral parts, the formation of which is carried out in the conditions of active use of modern information technologies. In order to identify the middle class and distinguish its core and peripheral parts, a relative approach based on the use of median income per member of a household with children, taking into account the total fertility rate, was applied. The proposed approach made it possible to identify the boundaries of the income of sellers on marketplaces for goods belonging to the core and peripheral parts of the middle class, taking into account the transfers received by the household. The results of the study confirm that, with a single-criteria approach, income from platform employment promotes the transition of its participants to the middle class.

The relevance of the study is due to the need to assess the impact of socio-economic factors on the birth rate in Russia. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate and to test the methodological tools for assessing the contribution of the most important factors to the fertility rates. We have put forward a hypothesis about the complex influence of both objective socio-economic factors and their subjective assessments by the population, which determines both positive and negative effects, characterized by different forces of influence on fertility. As targets in this study, the total fertility rate for 2021 is used both in general and by the order of births and the average number of children born in 40-44-year-olds according to the 2020 population census, which was actually conducted in 2021, which allows us to talk about the comparability of the data used.

The novelty of the study evolves the use of an integrated approach consisting in the assessment of both objective and subjective factor effects on reproductive behavior and fertility. To analyze the socio-economic factor impact on fertility, official Rosstat data for 85 Russian regions for 2021 were used. A subjective assessment of the factorial effect on fertility was carried out using micro-data from a Comprehensive observation of the living conditions of the population conducted by Rosstat in 2022. Another factor indicator was the need for children, which largely regulates reproductive behavior. The methodological tools of the study is based on the use of machine learning and data mining methods, which made it possible to identify the share of each of the statistically significant factors in the overall picture of factorial influence on target indicators. The obtained results of the study indicate the different strength of the factor influence on fertility in general and the order of births, which determines the need for monitoring and assessing the degree of factor influence in the development and adjustment of state programs to stimulate fertility.

The article presents a description and methodological generalization of the materials of a field sociological study devoted to the problems of identifying and analyzing the attitude of modern Russian employers to the assessment and organization of employment of people of older (retirement and pre-retirement) age. The study was conducted by the method of focused group interviews with representatives of employers. The article presents the arguments of the participants of the groups on various aspects of involvement in the work of the older generation. Such aspects as labor discipline, attitude to work, attitude to retirement, strategic decisions to continue or end a career are considered. It is worth noting that the above statements are only representations of employers about people of the older age group. Moreover, employers talk about active pensioners, those who come to the personnel management service and talk about their work. Surprisingly, very few working pensioners and pre-retirees caused a negative reaction from the personnel service. This can be justified by the active lifestyle of the older generation. Almost all working pensioners lead an active lifestyle, play sports according to their capabilities, which allows them to maintain physical and working shape. The closer the retirement age approaches, the less the desire to retire. And this is not always due to financial difficulties. It is more important to be in a team, to feel useful to society. There are isolated cases of demotion at retirement age. Conclusions are formulated and recommendations are presented on improving the system of involving older people in labor activity from the perspective of solving the social and organizational and managerial tasks that arise at the same time.

Giving attention to the strangeness of differences between a regular western memory studies concepts and priority values of Russia memo-politics the author analyzed troubles of developing Russia complete philosophy of memory at the beginning of the 21 century. The case of troubles is discovering by describing of contradictions between theory of memory and memory policy, by secondary status of Russia memory studies regarding to the West memory studies, and also by the case of dividing of collective memory structure of domestic philosophical culture on “before”, “under” and “after” the historical materialism. The research shows come backgrounds which, on the one hand, call to critical analysis of western memory studies concepts for overcoming its deontological episteme and, on the other hand, it calls to critical analysis of the soviet “historical cognition” concept for overcoming its materialistic episteme about a social being. Theoretic and methodological sources for solving this tasks, as the author thought, are related with theories by L.S. Vygisky, A.F. Losev, E.V. Il’enkov, G.P. Shchedrivitcky, L.A. Zelenov, V.A. Kutyrev and others. Results of this studies presents some conceptual characteristics of the complete philosophical theory of collective memory, among them are, on the first. background of an ontological nuclear which discovers complete system of fundamental relations of a man/ society with its own history; on the second, inside of this ontological system must be separated the social memory as a special collective mechanism of relations with past history; on the third, to discover dialectics between collective and individual memory and commemoration; on the forth, o discover dialectics between everyday memory and historical memory; on the fifth, o discover dialectics between oblivion and memory in the structure of social revolutions and reforms.