编号 4 (2025)
Vegetable growing
Irrigation regime and fertilizer rates of adaptive tomato varieties and hybrids in conditions of slightly saline soils of the Bukhara region
摘要
The article presents the results of a study of the selected adaptive varieties and hybrids of tomato, under various irrigation regimes and fertilizer rates. The purpose of the research is to study the growth, development, bush formation, productivity, yield by harvests and fruit quality of the selected adaptive tomato varieties and hybrids under various irrigation regimes and fertilizer rates in conditions of slightly saline meadow-alluvial soils of the Bukhara region. Field experiments were carried out in conditions of irrigated meadow-alluvial soils of medium loamy mechanical composition of the farm «Khamroev Khalil Bozorovich» of the Jandarsky district of the Bukhara region. The soils of the experimental site are characterized by a humus content of 0.94-1.12 and 0.71-0.78; total nitrogen - 0.094-0.099 and 0.082-0.085; phosphorus - 0.13-0.19 and 0.10-0.12; potassium - 2.38-2.41 and 2.22-2.27%, mobile phosphorus - 12.4-12.8 and 9.3-9.9; exchangeable potassium - 204-211 and 185-190 mg/kg, reaction in an aqueous extract pH = 7.4-7.6, the degree of salinity is weakly chloride-sulfate (0.189- 0.195% chloride ion). The parameters of irrigation regimes, plant growth and formation of leaf surface, photosynthetic activity, amount of chlorophyll in leaves, net productivity of photosynthesis, productivity of tops, roots and bushes, yield, biochemical composition of the crop and economic efficiency of tomato cultivation were determined. It was revealed that the combined use of organomineral fertilizers at the rate of 20 t/ha of manure + N200P160K100kg/ha with an irrigation regime of 75-85-85% of the maximum permissible yield ensured the production of a highly stable (48.6-88.1 t/ha) crop with good biochemical composition and quality. At the same time, the yield per 1 m3of irrigation water is the highest (5.7-9.7 kg) or the lowest water consumption per 1 centner of yield (10.2-17.5 m3), which provided additional net income per hectare in the amount of 8.4-9.1 million soums and profitability of 6.6-13.6%.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(4):25-29
25-29
Drip irrigation of vegetable crops
摘要
The shortage of freshwater resources is a global problem, which is aggravated by the world's population growth and climate change caused by global warming. Despite the significant reserves of water resources that Russia has, a number of regions of the country are experiencing a deficit. Uneven distribution of runoff and precipitation by seasons of the year, as well as from year to year, is especially noticeable in arid regions of the country. To solve this problem, the vegetable sector of water consumption has adopted a number of measures called drip irrigation schemes. In Russia, drip irrigation equipment is mainly used for commercial crops such as fruit and vegetable crops. The main goals of drip irrigation are to reduce water deficit near the root zone, reduce evaporation and reduce water consumption. The scope of application of drip irrigation is becoming wider. The effects of drip irrigation technology on plant growth and development, quality, yield, and water use efficiency are summarized. An overview of drip irrigation technology on root development and nitrogen uptake in vegetable crops is presented. Drip irrigation technology is effective in improving vegetable crop growth, increasing water use efficiency, and reducing water stress, as well as reducing fertilizer leaching and soil salinity, making it an ideal solution to address the global shortage of freshwater. Despite the numerous advantages of drip irrigation technology, high initial installation and maintenance costs, variable water quality, limited technical knowledge and implementation support, and institutional barriers such as water management policies and regulations have limited its widespread adoption in vegetable production.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(4):31-37
31-37
Processing
Comparative assessment of the yield and chemical composition of essential oil from fragrant dill fruits
摘要
This article presents the results of a comparative analysis of essential oil from the fruits of fragrant dill (Anethum graveolens L.), obtained by hydrodistillation and studied using a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detection, which showed the presence of a number of volatile organic compounds. 8 compounds were found from 2 studied samples of fragrant dill fruits, one of which is a commercial sample of the Pryanaya Ryadka trademark (Reutov) («sample 1»), and the second, grown on experimental fields of the Department of Vegetable Growing of the Moscow State Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev («sample 2»), among which monoterpenes and their derivatives make up the bulk. The essential oil of fragrant dill fruit was characterized by a high content of d-carvone and d-limonene (70.61%, 65.98% and 21.99%, 26.35%, respectively), which determined its aromatic profile and biological activity. The remaining components are present in insignificant amounts, but they contribute to the formation of a complex aromatic profile and expand the range of potential applications of essential oil. When comparing the results of hydrodistillation between the studied samples of fragrant dill fruits, there was a difference in the composition of the main components in the essential oil and the release time of 1 ml of essential oil over a certain time interval. Fragrant dill fruits grown on the basis of the Department of Vegetable Growing of the Russian State Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev demonstrated a faster extraction time of 1 ml of oil (1.13 times faster) with the same experimental setup, respectively, despite the similar chemical composition and identical regime during hydrodistillation, the difference in extraction time may be affected by agrotechnical factors, the technological process, and the storage conditions of fruits, for this reason, it is necessary to take into account a complex of production factors when organization of industrial production of essential oil from dill fruits, this will optimize the technological process and ensure stable quality of the final product. The prospects for further research are related to an in-depth study of the influence of agrotechnological features on the component composition and physico-chemical characteristics of essential oil from dill fruits, as well as the development of standardized production methods.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(4):38-43
38-43
Potato growing
Assessment of the quality of seed potatoes lots by the method of comparative field trials of variety samples
摘要
The article presents the results of comparative field trials of variety samples selected from lots of original and elite seed potatoes in order to confirm their compliance with regulatory requirements regarding varietal identity, varietal purity and symptoms of diseases controlled in potato seed production. The experimental plots is located at the Korenevo scientific base of the «Lorkh Potato Research Center» (Moscow Region). The soil is sod-podzolic sandy loam. The predecessor is a busy steam with the sowing of sidereal crops. Mineral fertilizers were applied when cutting the ridges in doses of N90P90K120. Cultivars selected from seed potato lots for comparative verification tests were planted in two parallel rows using a 75x30 cm planting pattern, with a plot area of 25 m2. In the 2022-2024 seasons, 171 cultivars of the first field generation from mini tubers, 156 samples of super-super elite and 195 samples of super elite were evaluated, obtained from 40 producers of original and elite seed potatoes for comparative field trials. Based on the results of the assessments carried ont on the totality of varietal characteristics of the plant, stem, leaf, inflorescence, the presence of plants with deviations in the typicality of varietal characteristics was revealed in 4 samples of the first field generation of mini tubers, 4 samples of super-super elite and 5 samples of super elite. Varietal admixtures were detected in 7 samples of the first field generation, 11 samples of super-super elite and 8 samples of super elite. Exceeding the established tolerances of the standard for viral diseases (YBK) was detected in 26 samples of the first field generation of mini-tubers, 26 samples of super-super elite and 10 samples of super elite. Plants with external signs of bacteriosis damage controlled by the tolerances of the standard (black stem) were found in 12 samples of super-super elite and 30 samples of super elite. The indicators of plant productivity and crop structure varied depending on the conditions of the season, the ripening time of the varieties and mainly corresponded to their varietal characteristics.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(4):44-49
44-49
Breeding and seed growing
Seed counters and spreaders in determining sowing qualities
摘要
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of modern seed meters used to determine the most important sowing qualities: germination and germination energy. The study covers three main types of devices: electromagnetic, gravitational and aspiration models, each of which has unique technical characteristics and principles of operation. Special attention is paid to analyzing the technical features of each type of meter. Electromagnetic devices demonstrate the highest accuracy (≥99.5%) when working with standard-shaped seeds. Aspiration models provide impressive productivity of up to 300 seeds per minute, reducing the analysis time by 70-80%. Gravity systems with calibrated cells ensure reliable operation due to the precise calculation of parameters. During the study of aspiration folding counters, key factors affecting the efficiency of the devices were identified: morphological features of seeds, humidity level and accuracy of vacuum pressure settings. The developed devices are highly versatile due to their interchangeable nozzles, which allow them to work with seeds from 0.5 mm to 15 mm in size. The practical significance of the study is confirmed by significant improvements in production indicators: reduction of the analysis error from 15% to 0.5%, acceleration of breeding processes by 30-40% and reduction of crop losses by up to 20%. The introduction of folding counters contributes to the transformation of laboratory processes, ensuring reproducibility of results and reducing labor costs in determining the sowing qualities of vegetable seeds. The developments presented in the article are an important element of the innovative development of the agro-industrial complex, contributing to increasing crop sustainability and ensuring food security.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(4):50-54
50-54
Comparative evaluation of pink F1tomato hybrids with intense flesh color in terms of yield, biochemical composition, and organoleptic characteristics in film greenhouses in southern Russia
摘要
The article presents a comparative analysis of parental lines and promising F1 tomato hybrids with pink tomatoes. The evaluation was based on a set of economically significant traits, including biochemical (dry matter content, total acidity) and organoleptic indicators (flesh brightness, tasting score). The study was conducted at the Crimean Breeding Center of the Gavrish Research Institute in 2023-2024. Analysis of parental lines revealed significant variability in terms of dry matter content (3.8-6.2%) and total acidity (0.43-0.99%). Paternal lines were more likely to exhibit more intense flesh color. Parental forms with the most balanced taste (tasting score > 4 points) were identified. The variety testing of F1 hybrids allowed us to identify combinations with high early maturity (92-96 days), yield (up to 21.0 kg/m²), and marketability (up to 99%). The hybrids were characterized by shortened internodes. The maximum dry matter content was recorded in the k-3857/23 hybrid (6.6%). The heterosis analysis showed a positive effect on dry matter content (+23.3%) and tasting score (+4.9%), and a negative effect on total acidity (-39.4%). The inheritance of flesh brightness was polymorphic. The most promising parent lines and hybrid combinations were selected for further breeding. Significant correlations between the studied traits were identified. The results obtained contribute to the development of new competitive tomato hybrids with improved characteristics. The F1 k-3857/23 hybrid showed the greatest potential and was recommended for submission to the State Commission.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(4):55-60
55-60