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No 2 (2025)

Year: 2025
Articles: 12
URL: https://ogarev-online.ru/2500-2627/issue/view/20808

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Agriculture and land reclamation

Methodological aspects of forecasting winter rye yield on lands withdrawn from agricultural cultivation

Ivanov D.A., Arkhipov S.V., Antsiferova O.N., Kurpas K.S.

Abstract

The study was conducted to compare the suitability of two mathematical methods for the procedure of forecasting the winter rye yield within abandoned lands. The training set for adjusting the forecast models (regression and neural network analyses) was the results of long-term monitoring of the winter rye yield on an agroecological transect laid within a terminal moraine hill near the city of Tver. The regression equations and perceptrons obtained for different climatic conditions, describing the dependence of rye yield on landscape conditions, were used to forecast its productivity in abandoned lands located in the same region. The developed forecasts based on regression and neural network models differ only in details. Maps of the forecast winter rye yield, created on the basis of various mathematical approaches, indicate the suitability of the studied territory for growing this crop – its forecast average weighted yield within its limits fluctuates from 1.52 to 2.61 t/ha. The optimal location for rye crops based on the map created based on the forecast results will be the landscape of the moraine-glacial plain, and areas unfavorable for growing this crop are located within the outwash plain and the Volga River valley. For the purposes of adaptive landscape farming in the Non-Black Earth Region, it is necessary to recommend the combined use of regression and neural network analysis to obtain the most reliable and informative forecasts. The creation of maps of the predicted yield of winter rye within the boundaries of an abandoned site based on the available archival data has not only a methodological but also an applied meaning, since this procedure allows us to assess its suitability for growing this crop and, thus, answer the question of the advisability of conducting expensive expeditionary research on it.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):3-10

3-10

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Factors Influencing the Contamination of Spring Wheat in the Northern Forest-Steppe of the Southern Urals

Shatalina L.P., Anisimov Y.B., Moshkina Y.S., Lopukhov P.M., Kalyuzhina E.L.

Abstract

The study was conducted to determine the effect of predecessor, mineral fertilizers and weather conditions on the formation of agrophytocenosis of spring wheat using zero tillage technology. The object of the study is the weed component of agrophytocenoses and the activity of its influence on the productivity of spring wheat in the northern forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals against the background of zero tillage technology. The experimental design was implemented in 3 crop rotation variants and a monoculture, with 6 predecessors of spring wheat, against two fertilization backgrounds: without fertilizers (0) and with the application of nitrogen fertilizers (N). With zero tillage technology, the litter component in spring wheat crops consisted of juvenile weeds in all experimental variants. Their number during sowing according to crop rotation variants significantly depended on the weather conditions of the year, in a waterlogged year, on average, the difference reached 27 units/m², with a coefficient of variation of 47 %. The biomass of spring wheat was significantly dependent on the background of fertilization – on average, the differences over the years reached 72 g/m². According to the predecessor of spring wheat, peas + oats, a higher mass of juvenile weeds was noted, compared with other predecessors, on average by 43…66 g/m² in fertilization backgrounds. The specific mass of weeds significantly depended on the meteorological conditions of the year, with differences reaching 7 %. In dry years, the share of the influence of the number of annual weeds and the biomass of the crop on the productivity of spring wheat on a fertilized background reached 80–82 %.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):11-15

11-15

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Crop production, plant protection and biotechnology

Integral Assessment of the Adaptive Potential of Winter Rye Varieties Based on Technological Traits of Grain Quality

Goncharenko A.A., Makarov A.V., Tsygankova N.V., Tochilin V.N., Klochko N.A., Goncharenko M.S., Kostin A.K., Plotnikov P.A.

Abstract

The results of a comparative study of 10 varieties of winter rye grown in a wide range of weather conditions in 2015–2024 are presented. The aim of the study was to study the ecological variation (CV), phenotypic stab_ility (PS), and ecological plasticity (BI) of four technological traits: falling number (FN), amylogram height (AH), aqueous extract viscosity (AEV), and gelatinization peak temperature (GPT). A comparative test was carried out on plots of 12 m2 in a triple repetition with a seeding rate of 500 grains per 1 m2. The highest grain quality was found in the GC-494hv population, which was previously screened for the high viscosity of the aqueous extract of the grain meal. On the trait FN this population was distinguished by a relatively low coefficient of ecological variation (CV = 27.7 %), had higher phenotypic stab_ility (PS = 2.5) and was characterized by increased buffering to various weather conditions (b_i = 0.81). It was shown that the traits of FN and AH varied greatly over the years, and therefore turned out to be phenotypically unstable and low-heritable (Н² = 0.20 and Н² = 0.34). The trait AEV turned out to be more environmentally stable, which is well inherited (H2 = 0.64) and can serve as a reliable guideline for grain quality improvement. A negative correlation has been established between the quality characteristics and the adaptab_ility parameters CV and PS. This correlation was most strongly manifested between FN and CV (r = –0.84 ± 0.10). It is concluded that targeted selection for a high falling number will correlatively increase environmental sustainab_ility and phenotypic stab_ility of grain quality characteristics.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):16-21

16-21

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Assessment of indicators of ecological plasticity and stability of promising spring oat lines based on the «1,000 grain weight» in the Kirov region

Emeleva N.V., Batalova G.A.

Abstract

The research was conducted in order to compare the ecological plasticity and stability of spring oat varieties according to the «1,000 grain weigt» indicator in order to identify those that are adaptive to the conditions of the Volga-Vyatka region. The experiments were conducted in 2022–2024 in the Kirov region with 8 varieties of spring film oats in a competitive variety testing with four repetitions. The soil at the site was cultivated sod-podzol medium loam. In 2022, there was excessive moisture (GTK = 2.00), in 2023 optimal conditions were created for plant growth and development (GTK = 1.64), and in 2024 there was a lack of moisture (GTK = 1.10). The indicators of ecological adaptability were calculated using methods developed by S. A. Eberhart, B. A. Russell (b_i, σd²), R. A. Udachin (I, U), A. A. Gryaznov (IEP), and E. D. Nettevich et al. (PUSS, L). According to the results of the two-factor analysis of variance, the weight of 1,000 grains was significantly affected by weather conditions (58.9 %) and genotype × environmental interactions (28.1 %). The genotype of the studied lines had a slight effect (13.0 %). Favorable conditions for the formation of a high mass of 1,000 grains developed in 2024, with an index of environmental conditions of 1.77 and a maximum experimental value of 47.1 grams at the 41h18 line. The studied lines were classified as slightly variable based on the coefficient of variation for the mass of 1000 grains (CV < 10 %). However, the 40h20 and 41h18 lines had higher coefficients of variation (CV = 12.74 % and CV = 10.46 %, respectively). The 40h20 line ranked first in terms of three indicators of ecological adaptability (b_i = 2.06, I = 26.4 %, IEP = 1.04). However, in terms of stability indicators, it did not perform well (Y = 48.5, L = 3.35, PUSS = 143.3). Therefore, the 91h18 line, which is the sum of 22 rankings, had the highest level of adaptability to the conditions of the Kirov region when considering the «mass of 1,000 grains» indicator.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):22-26

22-26

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CREATION OF ORYZA SATIVA L. DOUBLED HAPLOYDS WITH THE PI-B GENE OF RICE BLAST RESISTANCE IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST

Ilyushko M.V., Guchenko S.S.

Abstract

The study was conducted with the aim of obtaining doubled haploids with the Pi-b gene for rice Oryza sativa L. breeding. As a result of hybridization between Far Eastern varieties and the Oxy 2x sample (carrier of the Pi-b gene), 13 F1 hybrids of six hybrid combinations were created: Sadko×Oxy 2x, Lugovoy×Oxy 2x, Darius 23×Oxy 2x, Almaz×Oxy 2x, doubled haploid (Don 4237×Dolinny)×Oxy 2x, Khankaisky 429×Oxy 2x. In vitro androgenesis technology was used to transfer the original F2 donor plants to a constant homozygous state. 35 hybrid plants carrying the resistance allele of the Pi-b gene were preliminarily selected. 10246 rice anthers were introduced into the in vitro culture. Callus formation was observed in 25 of 35 F2 hybrids. The highest callus formation values were noted in the hybrid plants Lugovoy×Oxy 2x – 9.33 % and Khankaisky 429×Oxy 2x – 27.50 %, and on average for the entire sample it was low – 2.45 %, which is not typical for Far Eastern genotypes. Regeneration was observed on calli of seven rice hybrids of four hybrid combinations: Darius 23×Oxy 2x, Sadko×Oxy 2x, Khankaisky 429×Oxy 2x and Lugovoy×Oxy 2x. Based on the results of PCR analysis, 33 plants with the resistance allele of the Pi-b gene were selected from 63 rice doubled haploids. 44 lines of doubled haploids were sown on the vegetation plot, three of which did not sprout. The collection sample Oxy 2x, being itself with a strong attachment of the grain to the panicle axis, interacting with the loci of other varieties responsible for the strength of the grain attachment, produces a phenotypes that fall of to varying degrees in the homozygous state in doubled haploids: 11 lines with an average degree of shedding, 30 lines with strong shedding. Thus, the total yield of the initial breeding material for subsequent selections in field conditions is very limited and unpromising due to the falling of the grain.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):27-31

27-31

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Autumn Application of the Herbicide Ballista, MD on Winter Wheat Crops in the Steppe Zone of the Krasnodar Territory

Savva A.P., Volkova G.V., Kovalev S.S., Suvorova V.A., Meryakhin A.K.

Abstract

The research was conducted to biologically and economically evaluate the effectiveness of the autumn application of the new herbicide Ballista, OD (30 g/l mesosulfuron-methyl + 17 g/l flumetsulam + 12 g/l florasulam + 90 g/l mefenpyr-diethyl). The work was carried out in 2022–2024 in the Krasnodar Territory on crops of winter wheat of the Bezostaya 100 variety according to the methodological guidelines for registration tests of herbicides in agriculture. The soil of the experimental site is leached chernozem. Experimental plots with an area of 25 m2 were treated four times with working solutions of herbicides at the rate of 200 l/ha with a manual PULVEREX sprayer. The scheme of field experiments included: herbicide Ballista, OD at the rates of 0.3 and 0.5 l/ha, etalon Verdict, VDG + BioPower, VSC (0.3 kg/ha + 0.5 l/ha and 0.5 kg/ha + 0.5 l/ha), herbicide-free version (control). The biological effectiveness of the drugs was determined by reducing the number and weight of weeds in comparison with the control. The use of the herbicide Ballista, OD (0.3 and 0.5 l/ha) in the autumn period on winter wheat provided high biological efficacy (92…100 %) against cereals (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) and dicotyledonous (Galium aparine L., Papaver rhoeas L., Cerastium arvense L.) weeds. In terms of herbicidal activity, the new herbicide was not inferior to the reference drug Verdict, VDG + BioPower, VSC. There was no phytotoxic effect on the crop plants and a statistically significant value of the preserved crop (109.1…109.5 %) was obtained in relation to the control (without the use of herbicide).

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):32-35

32-35

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Weed infestation and productivity of oil poppy depending on the use of herbicide protection

Prakhova T.Y., Pluzhnikova I.I.

Abstract

The studies were conducted to study the effectiveness of using a mesotrione-based herbicide, 480 g/l (Egida, EC) by assessing its impact on crop infestation and the productivity of poppy plants in the forest-steppe conditions of the Middle Volga region. The work was carried out in 2023–2024 on the experimental field of the Federal Research Center for Bast Fiber Crops in the Penza Region. The object of the research was the Issera oil poppy variety. The herbicide used was Egida, EC (480 g/l mesotrione) with a consumption rate of 0.25 l/ha. The experimental design included the following options: control (no treatment); manual weeding; herbicide protection. The treatment was carried out in the phase of 6–8 true leaves of poppy plants. Weather conditions during the research years corresponded to insufficient moisture (GTC 0.55 and 0.83). In poppy crops, weeds were represented by late spring weeds (64.8 %), early spring weeds (23.7 %), winter weeds (7.2 %) and perennial weeds (4.3 %). In the variant with manual weeding, the total wet weight of weeds decreased after 20 days, in relation to the control, by 96.3 %, with the use of the preparation – by 80.5 %, before harvesting – by 91.5 and 88.7 %, respectively. The protective effect of the drug lasted until the end of the poppy growing season. Moreover, the efficiency of suppression of weed components (chamomile, sow thistle) was 91.6–100 %. Against the background of herbicide protection, the seed yield increased almost to the level of manual weeding by 0.33 and 0.38 t/ha compared to the control (0.98 t/ha). The productivity of poppy increased due to an increase in the elements of the crop structure: the number of capsules, the seed productivity of the plant, and the weight of 1000 seeds. When using manual weeding and herbicide, a positive trend towards increasing the oil content of poppy seeds was noted. The increase was 0.50 and 0.31 %, respectively, relative to the control.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):36-40

36-40

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Animal science and veterinary medicine

Antibiotic resistance and zoonotic potential of Escherichia coli strains isolated from poultry agro-industrial complex

Kuznetsova M.V., Pospelova Y.S., Mihailovskaya V.S., Kochergina D.A.

Abstract

Poultry is a source of antibiotic-resistant and potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli, which can circulate in enterprises and enter the environment through organic waste. The aim of the study was to analyze antimicrobial resistance profiles, pathogenicity genes and phylogroups of E. coli strains circulating in poultry farms in the Perm Region. The strains of three different groups were studied: those isolated from healthy birds (n = 16), chickens with colibacteriosis (n = 28) and organic waste (n = 19). PCR was used to detect antibiotic resistance and virulence-associated genes. In each of the groups, multidrug-resistant E. coli were found in 18.8 %, 75 % and 73.7 % of cases, respectively. Up to 6 antibiotic resistance genes were detected in E. coli genomes. The beta-lactamase blaTEM gene was found most often in all groups. More than half of the E. coli obtained from sick chickens carried blaCTX–M. A high proportion of E. coli encoding SHV type beta-lactamase (63.2 %) was found in the organic waste. Among them, the tetA efflux system gene was detected more often, and in this group more than 20 % of E. coli had the genes encoding QnrB and QnrS proteins responsible for plasmid-mediated resistance to fluoroquinolones. Most of the strains obtained from healthy birds belonged to phylogroup E, from sick birds – to B1, isolated from organic waste – to C or E. Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), including high-risk clones, were found with high frequency in the group of sick birds (75 %), were found in the group of healthy birds (6.3 %) and were preserved in organic waste (63.2 %). Most of the analyzed E. coli (54 %) carried combinations of marker genes both extraintestinal and intestinal E. coli, which indicates their high zoonotic potential.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):41-49

41-49

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Biological variation of cortisol level in milk of domestic goats in natural habitat

Piskunov A.K., Saushkin N.Y., Samsonova J.V.

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine the milk cortisol range of free-living domestic goats (Capra hircus) and to assess the potential influence of individual and environmental factors on the physiological level of the hormone. Milk samples from five goats were collected during morning and evening milking during a 10-week monitoring period (from August to October). 416 milk samples were collected and aliquots were applied onto a cellulose membrane, dried, and transported to the laboratory for quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The milk cortisol concentration reached 76…116 nmol/l. Moreover, the observed intra-individual variation of the milk hormone was significantly higher (53 %) than the inter-individual variation (26 %). A significant increase of milk cortisol (up to 330…460 nmol/L) was found for a sick animal several days before death. During the data analysis, there were no significant correlations between the cortisol level and the age of the animal, the milk volume milked per one milking, the time of milking and the time of waiting for milking. However, significantly lower levels of the hormone were observed for the first animal in line for milking compared to the second, and significantly higher levels were observed for the second animal compared to all others. It is therefore assumed that the current psychoemotional reactions associated with social interaction – both within the species and with humans – may have a determining effect on the milk cortisol level of domestic goats. They may make a greater contribution to the variation of the hormone level than circadian rhythms and age, fullness of the mammary gland.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):50-53

50-53

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Mechanization, electrification, automation and digitalization

Simulation of the Interaction of Magnetic Assemblies of the "Karusel" Levitating Milking Platform

Lobachevsky Y.P., Fedorenko V.F., Kirsanov V.V., Pavkin D.Y., Kirsanov S.V.

Abstract

On large dairy farms of 1,200 heads or more, milking machines of the "Karusel" type with a capacity of 40 to 90 milking places have become the most widespread. The large size of the installation itself and the high mechanical load on the platform determine the increased wear of the wheel thrusters (rail-wheel). Therefore, the development of a levitating milking platform with permanent magnets is of urgent importance. The study was conducted to determine the parameters of the magnetic field generated by permanent magnets based on simulation using the Ansys Maxwell program. Three variants of magnetic assemblies were considered: with permanent rectangular, cylindrical and cubic magnets assembled in the form of Halbach arrays. The visualized results of 3D-modeling of the levitating magnetic field between movable and stationary magnetic assemblies in the form of magnetic induction lines have been obtained, allowing us to assess the overall picture of the magnetic field distribution in the air gap and beyond, and determine its force characteristics, creating the effect of levitation, as well as the number of magnetic assemblies per milking place. The average value of magnetic induction in a working gap of the magnetic assemblies made: for rectangular magnets (100 × 100 × 30mm) – 0,306 TL, cylindrical magnets (100 × 30mm) – 0,233 TL and double symmetric Assembly of Halbach (5 × 5) of the five magnets cubic form (25 × 25 × 25) – 0,539 TL. Specific repulsive forces per 1 kg elementary magnetic assemblies for rectangular magnets made – 84 N/kg cylindrical – 48,7 N/kg for the Assembly of Halbach – 314,3 N/kg. It is preferable to use Halbach assemblies when creating a levitating milking platform.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):54-58

54-58

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Interpretable Machine Learning Model for Spring Wheat Yield Forecasting

Kalichkin V.K., Usenko V.I., Garkusha A.A., Fedorov D.S., Maksimovich K.Y.

Abstract

The research was conducted to construct an interpretable machine learning model (explainable artificial intelligence) for spring wheat yield forecasting. The data of a long-term field experiment (2001–2024) carried out in the forest-steppe of the Altai Priobye region were used. The scheme of the experiment provided for the analysis of predecessors’ role, methods of basic cultivation of leached chernozem, as well as levels of application of mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products in the formation of spring soft wheat yield. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) was used to construct the model, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) were used for its interpretation, which allowed estimating the contribution of each feature. The constructed XGBoost model demonstrated high prediction accuracy (R² = 0.95, MAE = 0.13 t/ha, RMSE = 0.17 t/ha), and integration with SHAP-analysis revealed the most significant features (5…6 out of 18) determining yield in the forest-steppe of the Altai Priobie. The greatest contribution to high predicted yield in the experiment was made by sufficient moisture for the crop year (596.5 mm; 1.19 t/ha), the use of fallow as a predecessor (0.58 t/ha) and the use of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers (0.21 t/ha). Low predicted yields are due to lack of moisture during the crop year (317 mm; –0.77 t/ha) and from May to October (246 mm; –0.24 t/ha), as well as high values of the sum of positive temperatures (2527.5 °C; –0.13 t/ha), low precipitation during wheat growing season (175 mm; –0.10 t/ha) and lack of application of plant protection products (–0.10 t/ha). The model expands the possibilities of applying machine learning, allowing us to obtain more reliable and informative results.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):59-66

59-66

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Storage and processing of agricultural products

Application of EPR spectrometry for identifying the irradiation of wheat seeds with low-energy electrons.

Medzhidov I.M., Kharlamov V.A., Loy N.N., Titova D.I.

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the applicability of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometry for detecting the radiation treatment of spring wheat seeds using low-energy electrons. Seeds of the Iren variety (2023 crop, first reproduction) were irradiated one year after harvesting with electrons at energies of 100 and 120 keV over a dose range of 1…5 kGy (step 1 kGy), dose rate was 100 Gy/imp. Non-irradiated seeds served as the control. After irradiation, the seeds were stored in the dark at room temperature and relative humidity below 60 %. EPR spectrometry was performed 14, 28 days, 3 and 6 months after irradiation. The dose dependence of the EPR signal and its attenuation over time were studied. An increase in EPR signal intensity with increasing dose was observed. The difference in signal amplitude between samples irradiated at 100 and 120 keV, depending on the dose, reached 8…55 % at day 14 and 12…62 % at day 28 (p ≤ 0,05). In the first 14–28 days, the signal decreased by 16…38 % (100 keV) and 16…32 % (120 keV), depending on the dose. After 3 months, the intensity decreased by 5…25 % (100 keV) and 5…47 % (120 keV), relative to the data of day 28. After 6 months, the signal intensity decreased by 26…33 % (100 keV) and 26…41 % (120 keV) relative to the 3-month data. The g-factor (at the zero-crossing point of the first derivative of the EPR signal) was 2.0048, confirming the presence of carbon-centred radicals.

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Rossijskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ nauka. 2025;(2):67-71

67-71

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