Vol 24, No 4 (2024)

Introduction. The article presents a methodology for studying the essence of digital infrastructure as an element of national economy and a source of its technical and technological development. Understanding the essence of digital infrastructure involves analyzing its functions: organizing, generating, transforming. Theoretical analysis. Digital infrastructure as an element of the reproductive structure, moving within the framework of general trends in economic development, is considered as a condition for the vital activity of innovative entities, a sphere of knowledge and technology generation, a way of their transformation into the economic space where they are applied. The functional qualities that express the main thing in the content of digital infrastructure as an economic phenomenon are identified, a justification of its properties is given, an analysis of the digital infrastructure functions is carried out, the movement of capital value is considered, accompanied by a number of important economic processes: a change in capital forms; accumulation of technical and technological resources that provide major scientific and technological breakthroughs in the field of new materials, energy sources, production equipment, in the field of building a new technological basis for the country. Results. The transformative potential of digital infrastructure is revealed through the action of special lines of force – factors that influence the reproductive sphere at the main points of material production development, information space, social sphere, and exchange sphere, formed within the framework of separate but interconnected “factor fields”.

Introduction. Interaction, interpenetration, synthesis of economics and culture have become an urgent field of research in modern humanitarian scientific concepts and practical developments. The awarding of the Nobel Prizes in Economics in the last decade confirms the importance of this area for a common understanding of the evolution and modernization of society. Theoretical analysis. Theories of economic development began to include culture as an indispensable attribute of qualitative change. Three possible assumptions are put forward. Culture and economy coexist, the impact is minimal. Economics as a culture, which implies the complete absorption of non-market actions, their total  rationality and the insignificance of mental deviations and anti-incentives in economic practices. Culture as an economy is seen as an anthropological explanation of all individual, family, group and common interests, the dominance of intangible (social, ideological, political, etc.) preferences. Empirical analysis. In Russian research, it is original to address the philosophical foundations of cultural change, raising questions whether culture contains a civilizational code. A new understanding of socio-economic development is to rethink the evolution of economic activity coordination mechanisms, in which institutions (formal and informal rules and norms) are evolutionarily “built” into a certain social order. A significant addition to the understanding of development can be a cyclical process of structural coercion, in most cases done by the state. Results. The modernization of society and Russian economy in the late 17th – early 18th centuries is the result of a mutually conditioned change in culture, institutions, technological progress and well-being in the context of the interaction of power with different social classes. Book culture, mental attitudes, educational practices led to sustainable economic growth and entrepreneurial activity.

Introduction. In the current conditions in the healthcare sector, there is an objective real need to develop and implement updated approaches to management, financing and organization of the rendering medical services process. The purpose of the study is to analyze the functioning of PPP mechanisms in the healthcare sector, identify their advantages and limitations, and systematize the experience of implementing PPP projects in practice. Theoretical analysis. The author’s interpretation of public-private partnership in the healthcare sector is given, the strengths of project participants are identified and a categorization of PPP projects in healthcare is proposed, institutional conditions, key parties are analyzed, problems and barriers to the development of PPP in healthcare are identified. Empirical analysis. The most successful experience and main problems of implementing PPP projects in healthcare are analyzed. Results. Applied recommendations are formulated aimed at increasing the efficiency of PPP projects in healthcare. The following are considered as promising mechanisms for the development of PPP projects in the healthcare sector: leasing of existing medical facilities by investors, subject to their equipment and use, creation of mobile medical centers for the population of peripheral areas, signing long-term contracts for medical examinations and check-ups with state clinics, and implementation of medical research aimed at identifying hidden diseases and predispositions.

Introduction. Citizens’ rights to land are guaranteed by a number of provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and the powers aimed at their implementation are enshrined in the land legislation, primarily in the Land Code of the Russian Federation, which is the country’s basic law on land. In this regard, the contradiction of the Land Code of the Russian Federation to the Constitution of the Russian Federation is the most significant defect of law, since it prevents citizens from exercising their constitutional rights as the highest constitutional value. The analysis of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is essential for assessing the quality of the land legislation, as well as for identifying trends in the human rights activities of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in this area of public relations. Theoretical analysis. The legal nature of the norms of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, which were investigated by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the basis of complaints received from citizens, including the historical and formal legal context, was analyzed. Empirical analysis. The analysis of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, together with the assessment of the problems of implementing the relevant provisions of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, made it possible to assess the effectiveness of the decisions taken by the court and to offer prospects for the implementation of constitutional norm control in the field of the land legislation. Results. The analyzed resolutions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation may indicate that even the fundamental provisions of the Constitutional Code of the Russian Federation in the development of public relations and the untimely reaction of the legislator to this may hinder the realization of the constitutional rights of the citizens to land, and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation plays an important, even decisive role in the restoration of these rights. However, the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation are not always sufficient for a full-fledged solution to the legal problem. In this regard, a broader methodological approach that allows assessing the future and responding proactively to possible law enforcement problems caused by imperfect legislation could enhance the importance of the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation for the protection of the rights of the Russian citizens guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Introduction. Digitalization, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has significantly influenced the development of public power and law, triggering the transformation of many state-legal institutions, processes, and legal relations. The judicial system was no exception: it was one of the first to begin to modernize when, in the realities of covid lockdown, the administration of justice switched to a remote format. Problem statement. The implementation of justice in the remote format revealed a number of diverse organizational problems (for example, unequal technical capabilities and weak digital skills of participants in the process, low information and communication culture of many of them, etc.) and procedural issues, related, in particular, to the change in the procedural form, which began to be simplified and optimized, and also led to the abuse of the ritual form and its non-compliance. Theoretical analysis. The term “symbol” has many meanings, and in every science it has its own meaning. Symbolism has always been inherent in law, and the symbols of justice are among the most recognizable in the world. The symbols of justice are diverse and ambiguous. The actions of the court, which are given special legal significance and which are performed in a particularly solemn and official atmosphere, have symbolic significance. They should be called rituals of justice, manifested in a special ritual form. Empirical analysis. The practical significance of symbolic rituals of justice relies on the fact that they have the meaning of a legal fact and a strictly defined form of manifestation, i.e. they are part of the procedural form. As the practice of recent years has shown, the procedural form, when conducting a trial in the remote format, is not only simplified, but also often ignored by the participants in the process. In our opinion, external factors and circumstances contribute to this: for example, the use of web communication, along with video conferencing, as well as the actual rejection of certain principles of justice. Results. In the context of digitalization, under the influence of which the modernization of the Russian judicial system is being accelerated, two trends have emerged. On the one hand, the introduction of digital technologies is aimed at expanding access to justice, efficiency and convenience of its implementation and, accordingly, turning it into a high-tech public service accessible to the subject from anywhere, wherever he or she is. On the other hand, technologization entails a significant simplification of the procedural form, generates competition of the principles of justice, calls into question the possibility of carrying out a number of symbolic actions expressed in a ritual form.

Introduction. Advanced artificial intelligence technology (hereinafter referred to as AI) is being actively introduced around the world, which also poses legal problems for the copyright institution. An urgent task of copyright law is the need to develop positions on the recognition of copyright in works created with the help of AI, and their protection for further use. Theoretical analysis. In the international and Russian law, there are problems in determining the legal status of AI as an object, subject, or quasi-subject of law. According to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On the development of artificial intelligence in the Russian Federation” and the first law on the regulation of AI in world practice, approved by the European Parliament, AI is a complex or system of technological solutions. Thus, at the present stage of the development of AI, it is recognized as an object of law. Еmpirical analysis. It has been revealed that problems of recognition and protection of copyright are associated with determining authorship of works created with the help of AI. The approaches to determining authorship are highlighted, taking into account the role of a person in the process of creating works: they can be a user, a developer or owner of an AI system, or the author of a precedent work on which artificial intelligence was trained. The paper considers the cases when part of a work created by AI goes into the public domain. The determining factor of authorship is the idea and creative concept of a person, implemented with the help of AI systems, according to which the author is a person, and AI is just a tool for creating the results of human intellectual activity.

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