№ 2 (2025)
Vegetable growing
A mixture of fatty and essential plant oils to protect plants from flower thrips in greenhouses
Аннотация
The last few decades have seen a search for ways to use secondary plant metabolites, the components of which have not only insecticidal but also repellent effects. The present work is devoted to the development of a method for using a mixture of Neem fatty oil obtained from the leaves of Azadirachta indica L. (family Meliaceae) and various essential oils – Litsea cubeba Pers. and Cinnamomum verum J.Presl. (Lauraceae), Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf. (Poaceae), Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae), Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry or Eugenia caryophyllata Spreng. (Myrtaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae), Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae), Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae), for use in the greenhouses of the Peter the Great Botanical Garden BIN RAS against the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895 (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Experimental working solutions of a mixture of neem fatty oil with essential oils were prepared at the rate of 80 ml of oil per 10 l of water. Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) was used as an emulsifier at the rate of 10-15 ml per 10 l of water. Essential oils were used at a concentration of 5 ml per 10 l of water. Plants were treated with a hand sprayer. Ten flowers for each of three specimens of one plant species were taken for the experiment. The treatments were carried out at an air temperature of 12–16 °C with a humidity of 85%. The consumption of the working fluid was 600 l/ha. As a result of the treatments, it was shown that the duration of the protective effect from the use of a complex of oils ranged from 14 to 21 days. The most effective were mixtures of Neem fatty oil with essential oils of Litsea cubeba, Cinnamomum verum and Cymbopogon flexuosus plants. The decrease in the number of offspring of the western flower thrips averaged from 12 to 25% compared to the control.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(2):26-29
26-29
Humate-based biologics in the technology of tomato growing in the open ground of the republic of Dagestan
Аннотация
Dagestan annually harvests more than 1 million tons of outdoor vegetables. In 2023, up to 1.5 million tons of vegetables were harvested in the region. Cabbage accounts for more than 50% of Dagestan's vegetable production, tomatoes account for more than 26%, and cucumbers, carrots, onions, garlic, table beets and other crops are grown here in significant quantities. The purpose of the research is to evaluate the effectiveness of using a domestic biological product (Relict R) on domestic tomato varieties when they are grown in the open ground. The research was conducted in 2022-2024 in the open ground in the Tersko-Sulak sub-province of the Babayurt district. A comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the use of biologics Humate+7 and Relict R on tomato plants of the Voskhod variety bred at VNIISSOK is given. The highest plant height was noted in variants with top dressing of Relict R. The difference compared to the control after the first top dressing was 3.3 cm, after the second – 5.3 cm, after the third – 6.7 cm, after the fourth – 4.6 cm, after the fifth – 7.3 cm. In the course of our research, tomatoes fed with biologics Humate+7 and Relict P exceeded the control in yield in g/m2 and fruit weight. The highest yield was observed with top dressing with Relict P (exceeding the control by 300 g/m2) and Humate +7 (by 200 g/m2) at each tomato harvest. Biochemical analysis of tomato fruits showed a dry matter content from 6.4% (Humate +7) to 6.9% (Relict P). In the control variant, the dry matter content was 5.9%.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(2):30-34
30-34
Potato growing
Evolution of potato starch production in Russia
Аннотация
The presented study analyzes publications devoted to the development of potato starch production in the period from the 19th century to the present day. The purpose of the review is to study the genesis of the development of domestic industrial production of potato starch based on the analysis of transformation and the results of the evolutionary development of the Russian industry. The paper presents information on potato processing volumes and equipment used from the middle of the 19th century, before the First World War, after the 1917 Revolution, during the first five-year plans, in the post-war period of 1945 and up to the present. These data make it possible to assess industry development trends and identify ways to improve product quality and production efficiency. In 1950, the starch industry, in terms of its production capacity and production volumes, almost reached the level of 1940. The work on the restoration and modernization of enterprises in order to increase their production capacities was accompanied by the introduction of advanced technologies and technical solutions. Since the early 1990s, as a result of the abolition of government subsidies for potatoes intended for industrial processing, as well as due to lower consumer demand and uncontrolled imports of cheaper starch products, starch production in the country has declined significantly, and the starch industry has been in critical condition. The revival of potato starch production in the state involves a comprehensive analysis of existing potato processing methods in the context of interaction with producers in order to develop and implement agricultural and food technology. The prospects for the development of the potato starch industry seem very promising in the light of the introduction of sustainable methods and technological innovations. This will not only meet the growing demands of the market, but also ensure that products meet new quality standards.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(2):35-41
35-41
Breeding and seed growing
Breeding of potato varieties for processing into finished products during long-term storage
Аннотация
One of the innovative solutions for the development of the potato industry is the creation of varieties suitable for processing into various potato products under conditions of prolonged cold storage and not accumulating reducing sugars. The aim of the work is to search for and select initial donor cultivars that do not require reconditioning for inclusion in various types of crossing and identification in hybrid offspring of genotypes suitable for processing after cold storage. In 2021-2024, over 50 varieties and hybrids of domestic and foreign breeding were evaluated for their suitability for processing into crisp potatoes by coloring the slices after 3 and 5 months of storage at a temperature of 3–5 °С in a climate-controlled storage and 8–10 °С in a refrigerated the camera. The selected 10 and 21 cultivars with the color of crispy slices at the level of 8-9 and 6-7 points, respectively, after 3 months, 6 and 12 cultivars and hybrids of similar fitness classes after 5 months cold storage were used for subsequent involvement in various types of crossing and obtaining hybrid populations, taking into account their level of suitability and fertility in optimal conditions of spring and summer greenhouses. To identify recyclable genotypes that are neutral to cold storage and determine the effectiveness of the studied types of crossing in field nurseries, hybrids of the first tuberous generation of 25 populations with different levels of manifestation of a complex of economically useful traits were evaluated. It has been established that for the successful implementation of this direction of potato variety breeding, it is necessary to crossbreed parents with a high degree of manifestation of this trait after long-term storage at a temperature of 3–5 °С.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(2):50-55
50-55
Refinement of vegetable seeds on an air separator
Аннотация
The article presents the results of research on the refinement of tomato, dill and melon seeds on a vertical air separator. It has been found that the process significantly increases the germination energy and germination of seeds due to the effective removal of lightweight, underdeveloped seeds. The germination rate of tomato seeds increased by 6-10%, dill by 6-10% (with an increase in germination energy by 17-28%), melon by 7-13%. Optimal processing modes were determined and coefficients for adjusting the cost of seeds were developed, taking into account waste losses (from 18.4% to 27.9% for tomatoes, from 7.9% to 15.5% for dill, from 10.9% to 25.5% for melons). The effectiveness of an air separator in separating seeds by size and weight is shown, which makes it possible to isolate high-quality seed material. The results of studies demonstrate the high efficiency of the vertical air separator in the process of refining seeds of various crops (tomatoes, dill and melon). The main advantage of this equipment lies in its ability to effectively separate seeds by size and weight, which makes it possible to isolate high-quality seed material and separate light-weight impurities and less developed seeds. At the same time, the quality of the resulting seed is crucial for its competitiveness in the market. Seeds with high germination, germination energy and purity ensure the formation of stronger plants that use available resources more efficiently, suppress weeds better, and show increased resistance to stress factors, which ultimately contributes to higher yields and increased economic efficiency of production. The experimental results have proven the effectiveness of an air separator, which makes it possible to isolate high-quality seed material, separating lightweight and less developed seeds. An important practical result of the research was the development of a methodology for adjusting the cost of seeds, taking into account waste losses. This approach allows you to accurately determine the real cost of the final seed material, take into account the cost of seeds removed during processing, ensure an objective economic calculation when planning production and optimize the cost of seed processes, which together is an effective tool for the production of high-quality seed material.
Potato and vegetables. 2025;(2):56-60
56-60