Vol 4, No 6 (2025)

the article raises the problem of typologizing small businesses in order to increase the effectiveness of tax incentives in the northern and Arctic regions. The existing instruments of tax incentives for entrepreneurial activity in the northern territories are considered, and the results of analytical studies of their practical effectiveness for different regions of the northern territories are presented. The applicability of existing tax incentive measures to the small business segment of the northern territories is assessed. The analytical study develops through a review of existing small business typologies and a critical analysis of the classification principles underlying them. As a result, the author’s typology of small and medium-sized businesses in the northern and Arctic territories is proposed, aimed at achieving the goals of effective tax incentives, taking into account the specifics of their management and development strategy. The results of the conducted research will be useful to a wide range of specialists and interested persons: representatives of state authorities and local governments, researchers in economics and sociology of the regions of the North, teachers and students of universities and colleges.

in the article specifies the special place of joint-stock ownership in the modern variety of its forms. First of all, it was preceded by its formation, designed to resolve the contradiction between the growing scale of production and the limited potential of individual private property, which originated in the history of capitalism. The author has deepened the substantiation of the internal relationship between joint-stock ownership and financial crises, presupposed by the bifurcation of the natural-material and value existence of equity, being in the guise of objects of the real sector and in the guise of securities. This bifurcation has also given rise to the financialization process, riddled with financial crises. The key aspects of the impact of joint-stock ownership on the change in the social structure of the company are systematized, including a significant expansion due to the growing number of shareholders of the class of private owners performing the functions of an investor; an increasingly wide opportunity to combine the status of an employee and an owner-shareholder in one person, presupposed by an increase in his standard of living; the emergence of a special social stratum within hired labor – hired management, which enters into contradictory relations with the owners' association.

the study aims to propose an applied methodology for assessing the digital maturity of development and construction companies, focusing on Russian regulatory requirements and industry digital platforms, and then test it on three companies in Yekaterinburg: LSR Ural, "Pervostroyitel", and UMMC-Developer. The empirical base consists of open data: the Unified Information System for Housing Construction (UISHC), the Unified Resource of Developers (ERZ.RF), materials from the Russian Ministry of Construction and the Russian Government on the mandatory use of Information Modeling Technologies (IMT), company publications, and industry reviews. Results: Comparable, verifiable indicators of digital maturity are recorded (interaction with government information systems, use of IMT/IMT processes, customer digital services, "smart" solutions in residential complexes, internal IT practices), and a summary table for the three companies with numerical indicators is formed. The discussion shows that the presence of mandatory regulatory requirements (Resolution No. 331, the transition to IMT from July 1, 2024) has become a key driver of digitalization, but the depth of implementation varies: LSR is systematically developing customer services, UMMC-Developer demonstrates mature IT sales processes, and "Pervostroyitel" confirms IMT competencies through integrations with corporate systems.

the purpose of this study is to present an author’s methodology for reducing operational latency and increasing economic efficiency through the application of hybrid stream data processing in high-load systems. Methods: the research employs analysis and synthesis of scientific literature in the fields of stream data processing and economic assessment of IT infrastructure, comparative analysis of architectural approaches (Batch Processing, streaming-only, and hybrid architectures), economic modeling of prevented losses and revenue optimization, as well as a case study based on modeling typical operational incidents in high-load digital products. Findings: the study proposes an original model for assessing the economic effect of hybrid stream data processing that accounts for prevented losses, optimization of managerial decision-making, and the total cost of ownership of infrastructure. It is demonstrated that the application of a hybrid architecture based on the Lambda Architecture concept ensures a linear growth of infrastructure costs as workload increases, eliminates the effect of business data blindness, and significantly reduces both direct and indirect economic losses compared to batch processing and proprietary SaaS analytics solutions. Conclusions: the findings confirm that the economic efficiency of stream data processing is determined not by maximum technical performance alone, but by the alignment of architectural solutions with business risk profiles and managerial objectives. The proposed model can be used as a tool for justifying investments in analytical systems and for evaluating the ROI of digital transformation initiatives in high-load environments.

the objective of this study is to develop a scientifically based methodology for optimizing the return on investment (ROI) for implementing HVAC solutions in the Russian market, taking into account the specifics of the 2024-2025 economic situation and the actual range of available equipment. The analysis was conducted taking into account the specifics of the 2024-2025 macroeconomic environment, which is characterized by a combination of a tight monetary policy by the Bank of Russia (maintaining the key rate), accelerated indexation of energy tariffs by natural monopolies, and a profound transformation of the HVAC equipment market driven by import substitution and changes in the supply structure. Methods: the study is based on the development of a comprehensive life cycle cost (LCC) assessment model for engineering systems in accordance with the requirements of GOST R ISO 15686-5. The model is based on an analysis of the technical characteristics of modern multi-zone VRF systems available on the Russian market, as well as a study of the dynamics of design and installation costs in the HVAC segment. It is shown that focusing solely on minimizing capital expenditures (CAPEX), traditionally used in development and operational practices, is becoming less feasible in the current economic environment due to the pronounced "price scissor" effect: rising borrowed financing costs and outpacing growth in operating costs (OPEX). Results: The study formulated and substantiated algorithms for selecting equipment and design solutions for HVAC systems, aimed at maximizing net present value (NPV) over a 10-15-year planning horizon. Conclusions: the proposed approach simultaneously addresses the need to ensure technological sustainability and adaptability of commercial real estate to changing external conditions, including fluctuations in interest rates, energy tariffs, and equipment availability. This optimization format allows us to view engineering systems not as a one-time expense, but as a long-term investment asset requiring a comprehensive life cycle assessment.