Technological containment in international politics: sanctions, export control, and the struggle for markets

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The subject of the research is the policy of technological containment in international relations of the 21st century, viewed as a set of mechanisms to restrict access to advanced technologies and production capabilities. The object of analysis includes export control, sanction measures, investment barriers, and other forms of technological restrictions employed in the global struggle for strategic advantage. Special attention is given to the policy of the United States towards the People's Republic of China, aimed at isolating China from critical components— including semiconductors, AI technologies, supercomputers, and precision machinery. The author analyzes how the forms and objectives of these mechanisms change in the context of the formation of techno-national blocs, where interdependence yields to fragmented competition. Institutional mechanisms such as CFIUS, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the legal approaches of the EU, and the "clean networks" model are also considered. The work also examines Russian approaches to ensuring technological sovereignty in the face of external pressure. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach, including comparative political-economic analysis, elements of strategic studies, content analysis of regulatory documents and expert publications, as well as case studies of specific technological containment mechanisms used by the U.S., China, and other countries. The main conclusions of the conducted research are as follows: the policy of technological containment represents not merely a set of restrictive measures, but a systemic strategy for altering the global techno-economic architecture. The author demonstrates that sanctions and export control have acquired a stable institutional character, forming a new form of coercion without the use of force. A significant contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the identification of the logic of transitioning from universalist techno-globalism to a configuration of "techno-sovereignties," within which each state strives for autonomy in the production and control of key technological chains. The novelty of the research lies in the conceptualization of technological containment as a distinct political regime of interaction, combining elements of economic pressure, legal regulation, and international coalition mobilization. The work systematizes international practices of technological restrictions and offers an analytical framework for assessing their consequences for global security and resilience.

References

  1. Васильев А.А. Санкционные барьеры в международном научно-техническом сотрудничестве: теоретический аспект // Вестник международных организаций. – 2023. – № – С. 58-63.
  2. Васильев А.А., Беседина Е.С. Научно-техническая политика России по противодействию санкциям: в поисках стратегии // Управление наукой: теория и практика. – 2024. – Т. 6, № – С. 71-85. – doi: 10.19181/smtp.2024.6.3.7. – URL: https://elibrary.ru/JAOMSJ EDN: JAOMSJ
  3. Володенков С.В., Воронов А.С., Леонтьева Л.С., Сухарева М. Цифровой суверенитет современного государства в условиях технологических трансформаций // Полилог / Polylogos. – 2024. – № 2. – С. 123-135. – URL: https://esg-library.mgimo.ru/publications/tsifrovoy-suverenitet-sovremennogo-gosudarstva-v-usloviyakh-tekhnologicheskikh-transformatsiy-soderzh/
  4. Кириченко Э.В. Система экспортного контроля США над продукцией двойного назначения // Международная экономика. – 2023. – № 3. – С. 74-88. – doi: 10.33920/vne-04-2303-05 EDN: JKWHKD
  5. Колоткина О.А. Влияние санкций на экономическую безопасность России // Бюллетень инновационных технологий. – 2023. – Т. 7, № 2(26). – С. 35-40. EDN: GTCZIK
  6. Солдатов Р.Г. Санкционная политика в мире: эволюция политического дискурса // Социально-политические науки. – 2024. – Т. 14, № 4. – С. 124-130. – DOI: https://doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2024-14-4-124-130. – URL: https://journals.eco-vector.com/2223-0092/article/view/651240 EDN: PPJMMS
  7. Тарануха Ю.В. Санкционная политика в условиях глобализации экономики // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 6: Экономика. – 2024. – Т. 22, № 3. – С. 92-102. – doi: 10.24147/1812-3988.2024.22(3).92-102 EDN: UCWBQT
  8. Шугуров М.В. Международное научно-техническое сотрудничество с участием России в космической сфере в условиях санкций: итоги и перспективы // Вестник РАН. – 2023. – Т. 93, № 7. – С. 14-34.
  9. Allen G.C., Benson E., Reinsch W.A. Improved Export Controls Enforcement Technology Needed for U.S. National Security // Center for Strategic and International Studies. – 2022. – 16 p. – URL: https://www.csis.org/analysis/improved-export-controls-enforcement-technology-needed-us-national-security
  10. Baldoni R., Di Luna G. Sovereignty in the Digital Era: The Quest for Continuous Access to Dependable Technological Capabilities // arXiv. – 2025. – URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.10140
  11. Chi Z. Charting the Technology Cold War: The Balance of Loss, U.S. Containment Strategies and China's Countermeasures // China International Strategy Review. – 2025. – doi: 10.1007/s42533-025-00180-1. – URL: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42533-025-00180-1
  12. Fiddler C. Charting the End State for US Strategy Toward China // Foreign Policy Research Institute. – 2025. – URL: https://www.fpri.org/article/2025/04/charting-the-end-state-for-us-strategy-toward-china/
  13. Liu X. Coalition Building and Sino-US Competition in the Digital Era // The Chinese Journal of International Politics. – 2024. – Vol. 17, No. 4. – P. 425-448. – doi: 10.1093/cjip/poae022. – URL: https://academic.oup.com/cjip/article/17/4/425/7759853 EDN: CLPNFJ
  14. Luck P. The Hidden Risk of Rising U.S.-PRC Tensions: Export Control Symbiosis // Center for Strategic and International Studies. – 2025. – URL: https://www.csis.org/analysis/hidden-risk-rising-us-prc-tensions-export-control-symbiosis
  15. Picarsic N., de la Bruyère E. The Need to Move Beyond America's New Containment Strategy // Hinrich Foundation. – 2024. – URL: https://www.hinrichfoundation.com/research/wp/us-china/the-need-to-move-beyond-america-new-containment/
  16. Soliman M., Carchidi V. Re-Balancing the Strategy of Tech Containment // Foreign Policy Research Institute. – 2024. – URL: https://www.fpri.org/article/2024/09/re-balancing-the-strategy-of-tech-containment
  17. Alter K. U.S. Export Controls Across Time: Knowledge, Technology, and China // American Journal of International Law. – 2025. – doi: 10.1017/ajil.2025.12. – URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/us-export-controls-across-time-knowledge-technology-and-china/B8F6F37F79E7911F40578DA08051DC71
  18. Poli S. Reinforcing Europe's Technological Sovereignty Through Trade Measures: The EU and Member States' Shared Sovereignty // European Papers. – 2023. – Vol. 8, No. 1. – P. 123-140. – doi: 10.15166/2499-8249/1234. – URL: https://www.europeanpapers.eu/es/europeanforum/reinforcing-europe-technological-sovereignty-through-trade-measures
  19. Gupta R., Walker L., Reddie A.W. Whack-a-Chip: The Futility of Hardware-Centric Export Controls // arXiv. – 2024. – URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.14425
  20. Wasil A.R., Barnett P., Gerovitch M., Hauksson R., Reed T., Miller J.W. Governing Dual-Use Technologies: Case Studies of International Security Agreements and Lessons for AI Governance // arXiv. – 2024. – URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.02779
  21. Ruohonen J., Kimppa K. Updating the Wassenaar Debate Once Again: Surveillance, Intrusion Software, and Ambiguity // arXiv. – 2019. – URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02235

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Согласие на обработку персональных данных

 

Используя сайт https://journals.rcsi.science, я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных») даю согласие на обработку персональных данных на этом сайте (текст Согласия) и на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика» (текст Согласия).