No 9 (2024)
Articles
Assessment of Li Hongzhang's foreign policy from the point of view of the modern political system of the People's Republic of China
Abstract
The article is devoted to the analysis of the foreign policy strategy of Li Hongzhang, one of the most prominent Chinese diplomats and political figures of the late 19th century. The article examines the activities of the influential dignitary of the Qing Empire in order to establish the status of the state in the international arena. Criticism of Li Hongzhang is due to his concessions to foreign powers, so his policy is considered inconsistent with the national interests of the country. Despite this, his actions can be regarded as a manifestation of a realistic approach to international relations, which in many ways anticipated the pragmatic foreign policy of Western states. The author analyzes the process of transformation of China's role in international relations, its transition from a backward and semi-colonial country to a leading power in the region and the world. Particular attention in the text is paid to the characteristics of the country's foreign policy from the end of the 20th century to the present day. The article attempts to rethink the diplomatic work of Li Hongzhang through the prism of modern international relations and the foreign policy strategy of the PRC. The article analyzes his political views and key moments in his career, including his role in concluding unequal treaties that had long-term consequences for China. The final part of the article provides a comparative description of the two foreign policies, and describes the influence of the new political elite of the PRC on the country's changed role today. The comparison between Li Hongzhang's traditional diplomatic methods and the strategies used by the modern political elite of the PRC includes the following criteria: protecting national interests, using "soft power", strategic partnership and a multilateral approach to international relations. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the legacy in China's emerging initiatives, such as "One Belt, One Road" (including the "Silk Road Economic Belt" and the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road"). Thus, the author of the article emphasizes the importance of studying the historical context and the role of the individual in it for considering the strategies and courses of the country's foreign policy in the future.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):1-16
1-16
The policy of Edward IV in the light of English parliamentary legislation
Abstract
The subject of the study is the policy of the first English king from the York dynasty, Edward IV, primarily economic. The problem of its nature is posed in connection with the discussion on the exact definition of the time of England's transition from feudalism to capitalism and from a class-representative monarchy to an absolute one. Special attention is paid to the goals and activities of the administration of Edward IV in organizing the economic life of the kingdom, the influence of foreign policy on key decisions in the domestic sphere, as well as the results of measures taken in the second half of the XV century to overcome the consequences of the Wars of the Roses (1455–1585). The research is based on the materials of the English parliamentary legislation, as the most impartial source of knowledge about the policy of the royal power. The research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity and is based on the problem-chronological principle. Analytical, comparative historical and dialectical methods are used in the analysis of historical sources. The main conclusions of this study are that the economic situation of England in the 1460s was not critical, but in the face of defeat in the Hundred Years' War and the dynastic conflict, the government of Edward IV decided to carry out economic reforms aimed at raising the welfare of English producers, merchants and the king himself. Edward IV's economic policy was protectionist in nature and was conditioned, among other things, by a foreign policy factor. All this, coupled with his social transformations, the decrease in the role of parliament and the increase in the powers of the king, which was continued in the absolutism of the Tudors, characterizes him as a monarch of the transition period from the Middle Ages to Modern times, in the economy, in particular, expressed in the transition from feudalism to capitalism.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):17-31
17-31
The experience of the development of private museums in Russia in the context of public-private partnership in the 1990s- 2020s.
Abstract
The subject of this research is the state and prospects of development of private museums in Russia in the 1990s–2020s. The object of the study is a public-private partnership (PPP) as a tool for interaction between public authorities and business in the implementation of museum projects. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the main directions of interaction between public authorities and business on the issue of investing in museum facilities, trends in the development of public-private partnership. Special attention is paid to the prospects of its development in the museum sector in terms of the joint implementation of museum projects, their evaluation and selection based on the principle of effectiveness for the subjects of the Russian Federation. It is emphasized that the model where the state and business interact on equal terms occupies an important place in the understanding of modern social relations. The methodological basis of the research consists of the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity, consistency and complexity, which allow us to explore the experience and current problems of the development of private museums in Russia in the context of public-private partnership as a complex problem, analyzing the factual material in its entirety and interrelationship. The main conclusions of the study are the peculiarities of the development of private museums in Russia in the context of the development of public-private partnership over the past three decades. A special contribution of the authors to the research of the topic is a comprehensive analysis of the prospects for the development of public-private partnership in the Russian museum sector, their generalization and systematization on the principle of the need to take into account in medium-term planning the development of a centralized system for collecting and informing about museum projects at the federal and regional levels; the development of regulatory frameworks that affect not only the development of management decisions to ensure projects, but also the selection of staff to accompany museum projects. The novelty of the research lies in rethinking the conceptual foundations, trends and key areas of development of private museums in Russia in the context of public-private partnership.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):32-39
32-39
The formation of the cinematography of Khakassia from 1930 to 1953.
Abstract
The subject of the study is the development of cinematography in the Khakass Autonomous Region in the period from 1931 to 1953. With the main focus on the material and technical condition of the processes of cinematography. Special attention is paid to film installations and their actual operation, the number of sessions. The analysis of plans and the actual result is carried out. The main problems of the cinematography development in both urban and rural areas are identified. The main source of the research is the archival fund of the State Institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan "National Archive" R-336 "Khakass Regional Directorate of Cinematography" containing plans, reports, personnel data. Newspaper clippings and monographs on related topics were also used. The research is based on the principles of historicism and scientific objectivity and is based on the problem-chronological principle. When analyzing historical sources in this work, the main methods can be called: analytical, comparative, statistical. Within the framework of this study, the course of cinematography in the Khakass Autonomous Region in the period from 1931 to 1953 is considered, namely: material and technical condition, repertoire. The main indicators of the pre-war period, the period of the Great Patriotic War and the post-war period are revealed. The study focuses not only on the actual state of the film-making process in certain years, but also on the main difficulties. The problems of transport and fuel, personnel, accessibility and filling of the film fund, the number of film installations and their maintenance, the construction of cinemas, inflated plans are considered. It should be noted that the researchers studied the problems of Khakass cinema only within the framework of studying more extensive topics. Combining knowledge from disparate sources on this issue will be conducted for the first time.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):40-52
40-52
The formation of the Serbian national idea and its implementation in the political programs of the XIX century
Abstract
The subject of the study is the formation of the Serbian national idea in the 19th century. The object of the study is the national Serbian political programs in the 19th century. Special attention is paid to the activities of the following political figures: Ilia Garashanin, Stoyan Novakovich, Nikola Pasic, Svetozar Markovich and others. The author analyzes the political programs of the XIX century, the activities of parties, as well as official legislation, which reflected the national idea, its development and strengthening. Thus, one of the tasks of the work is to consider the evolution of the Serbian national idea during the 19th century. In addition, special attention is paid to the activities of the Serbian Orthodox Church (SOC), its role in the people's liberation movement of the XIX century, as well as in the formation of national ideology. The writing of this article, the goals and objectives set by the author led to the use of the following research methods: analytical, comparative and typological. In addition, research methods specific to historical science were used – historical-genetic, historical-systemic, retrospective. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the formulation of a scientific problem; by the involvement of publications (including in a foreign language) published over the past 5 years; by the involvement of historical sources that have not been translated into Russian. In addition, the author analyzes the activities of the SOC in the article, the history of which is not given enough attention in the scientific Russian literature. The main conclusions of the study are: the Serbian national ideology in the 19th century was formed in the conditions of the people's liberation movement, as well as - partially - under the influence of the Austrian (since 1867 Austro–Hungarian), Russian and Ottoman Empires; influence on the formation of the national idea was exerted not only by state institutions, but also by opposition political parties; The Serbian Orthodox Church, which competed with the state apparatus in the field of ideology, occupies a place in the evolution of the national idea. Thus, during the 19th century, the Serbian national idea was born, formed, and evolved, some aspects of which were not only fixed, but also implemented in domestic and foreign policy.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):53-70
53-70
Problematic aspects of the ethno-religious affiliation of Jesus of Nazareth to Jewish Judaism in the context of the "Third Search for the Historical Jesus"
Abstract
This article analyzes the "third search for the historical Jesus", which is based on the archaeological research of Galilee. This approach opposes arbitrary experiments of historical reconstruction of the personality of Jesus, primarily based on the analysis of the texts of the Bible, some apocrypha and some related documents. The new approach developed with the involvement of the scientific tools of sociology, comparative anthropology and archaeology. The authors give a brief description of the essence of the "third search", consider references to Galilee in ancient written sources and provide an alternative interpretation of the results of archaeological research in this area. The article analyzes the opinion of the "third-party researchers" about the "substantial regional pluralism of Galilean Judaism." The authors pay special attention to the issue of the religious identity of the Galileans in connection with traditional Jewish beliefs and rituals. Based on the available evidence, the historical dynamics of the ethnoreligious composition of Galilee is traced, starting from the Iron Age, including the periods of Assyrian and Babylonian captivity and the period of Hellenization. The authors pay special attention to the position of Galilee at the end of the I millennium BC. The article calls into question the hypothesis that in the early Roman period Galilee was inhabited by descendants of the Jewish exodus to Galilee under the Hasmoneans. The article shows that Galilee, starting with mentions in 732 BC and before the Birth of Jesus, actually remained under the Jewish rule of the Maccabees only during the reign of Alexander Yannai from 106 to 79, that is, only about a quarter of a century. The authors analyze the opinion of representatives of the "third search" on the substantial regional pluralism of Galilean Judaism and identify problematic aspects in substantiating the generally accepted statement about the Jewish origin of Jesus and about the ethno-religious affiliation of Jesus to religious Jewry. The article shows that from the archaeological data of excavations in Galilee it does not necessarily follow that its population in the period under review was entirely Jewish.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):71-86
71-86
The Main Directions of Agricultural Development of Khakassia in the 1920s – early 1940s.
Abstract
The author analyzes the main directions of development of agriculture in Khakassia in the 1920s – early 1940s on the basis of archival documents and literature. In particular, attention is paid to the dynamics of development and structural changes in the agricultural sector of the region's economy, which during this period were contradictory. There were positive trends: during this period, there was an increase in the average annual gross output of agricultural production, its material and technical base improved, crop production received a new round of development. But on the other hand, there were some negative aspects: the reduction of livestock due to an ill-conceived economic policy aimed at collectivization, the lack of electrification in agriculture, low grain yields during the first five-year plan. The study of the main directions of the development of agriculture in the country as a whole and Khakassia in particular in the 1920s – early 1940s through the analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators contributes to the disclosure of controversial problems in domestic and regional history, namely cooperation, collectivization, state farm construction. This will allow us to summarize the historical experience of those years (positive and negative), which can help in overcoming difficulties in Russian agriculture through appropriate conclusions. The relevance of the study of this topic is also due to changes in the theoretical and methodological base in Russian historical science. Currently, this topic can be considered from the standpoint of modernization theory in addition to previous studies, in particular based on the formational approach. Also, the relevance of this topic can be explained by a large number of unpublished historical sources that have not been introduced into scientific circulation.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):87-95
87-95
The place and role of constitutional provisions in the formation of military ideology: the historical experience of Russia.
Abstract
The article is devoted to the historical and legal study of the forms of expression of the concepts of military ideology in the constitutional provisions of the basic laws of the Soviet state and modern Russia. The object of the study is a comparison of ideological approaches related to the perception of war as a socio-political phenomenon by a person, society and the state and the army as the main instrument of its conduct. The subject of the study is the constitutional norms adopted and in force at various stages of the political and legal development of the Russian state. The scientific novelty of the presented work consists in conducting a comparative analysis of the nature of changes in views on the issue of public participation in the organization of armed defense of the state. The author considers the features of the legal regulation of military-ideological attitudes, views and values in various historical conditions. Based on the study of the provisions contained in the texts of the constitutions, the author comes to the conclusion that, regardless of the form and type of the state, foreign policy circumstances, elements of the ideology of the military sphere were reflected to one degree or another in the fundamental legal documents, which indicates their importance in the process of political and legal education of the population and the formation of its normative -the value basis.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):96-104
96-104
The Islamic Question in the Confessional Policy of the Russian State (the Second Half of the 18th – the First Half of the 19th Centuries)
Abstract
The subject of the study is the confessional and legal policy of the Russian Empire regarding Muslims during the inclusion of the North Caucasus in the orbit of influence. The thesis is substantiated on how the political events of the second half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries influenced the state-legal coordination of the confessional strategy developing in the region in the conditions of modernization and wartime. The scientific novelty is seen in the fact that the role of the socio-legal institutions of Russia is understood in a special way in the work. Despite the abundance of scientific works on this subject, the author, based on both well-known and little-studied archival and documentary materials, presented his vision of the specifics of the theocratic policy of the empire regarding the Muslim highlanders at the specified time. Based on the review, the author came to the conclusion that the issue of confessional interaction with the mountain peoples of the North Caucasus was initially the focus of attention of the Russian state, which, spreading its influence on the autochthonous population in the national districts, used various means of communication – from "stick" to "carrot", which affected its policy, in which such incompatible concepts as freedom of faith and control over it got along so "successfully". Despite this, the socio-spiritual modernization being developed by the Russian state contributed to the consolidation of the Islamic faith in the mountain environment. But many of the projects of the ongoing reform turned out to be ineffective, and therefore to this day generate controversy not only among Russian politicians, but also foreign political scientists. In this context, this publication can be useful not only for Russian, but also for foreign researchers in developing balanced diplomacy in solving Muslim problems.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):105-115
105-115
The evolution of the mentality of the military estates in the era of late feudalism
Abstract
The subject of the study is the moral and psychological readiness of the Western European and Russian nobility for war and military service. The Western European military estate is regarded as the successor of medieval chivalry, which inherited its high moral and combat values. In the XVI – XVIII centuries, faced with the threat of ruin, it was forced to link its fate more closely with the army. Relying on the testimonies of contemporaries, the author argues that military service and war gradually became the main sources of a decent existence, while peaceful conditions brought the nobility need and stagnation. The economic situation in Eastern Europe was different. The local serf economy provided the Russian nobleman with modest but stable prosperity. Conversely, military service distracted the landowner from farming and undermined his well-being. Relying on the comparative – analytical method, the author provides a comparison of the mentality of the domestic and Western European military estates. Chronologically, the article covers the period of late feudalism. The scientific novelty lies in the identification of general and special moral and psychological qualities in the portrait of the military estates, as well as in their differentiation in relation to the main type of activity, to war and military affairs. The moral and combat qualities of military estates are studied in the process of evolution under the influence of cultural and civilizational factors of the epoch. The author concludes that military service and war were the main sources of existence of the Western European nobility, while peaceful conditions brought him only need and stagnation. Cultural and civilizational specifics determined the disposition of the Western European nobility to war and military service, formed in it the corresponding moral and combat qualities.The Moscow military estate was burdened by the service and perceived it as a heavy burden. Peter the Great made an attempt to inspire "serving people" with Western European moral and martial values, which only partially displaced traditional views and ideas. The moral antipathy to military service developed over the centuries, as well as the rejection of war, became the main mental feature that distinguished the Russian military estate from the natural militancy of the Western European nobility.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):116-126
116-126
Transport workers of the Volga region vs social diseases: the experience of the 1920s.
Abstract
The subject of the study is the conditions and features of the formation of the health care system and the fight against social diseases on the water transport of the Volga River basin in connection with the process of transition of the country to the realities of peacetime after the end of the Civil War. The relevance of the study is due to the insufficient development of this topic in historiography, as well as the reform of the healthcare sector at the present time. The author considers the activities of the medical and sanitary parts of the water transport health departments to combat alcoholism, venereal diseases, tuberculosis and malaria in the aspects of the organization of medical care, health education and the reorganization of the management of this area. The source base is the materials of the Central Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region and the State Socio-Political Archive of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The author identifies the main features of the creation of a new system for ensuring the health of water workers in one of the most important transport hubs of central Russia. Data on the projects of reforming the health care system in water transport and the practice of their application are being introduced into scientific circulation. The main stages of the activity of the Volga District Health Department of the Volga Basin Inland Waterways Management are highlighted, the chronology and features of power-public interaction in the eradication of social diseases are clarified. The conclusion is made about the need for permanent public participation in solving medical and social problems.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2024;(9):127-138
127-138