Pathogenic and protective effects of environmental factors in Parkinson’s disease: analysis of epidemiological data and molecular mechanisms

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain as its key morphological feature. Among neurodegenerative diseases, PD ranks second in prevalence, surpassed only by Alzheimer disease. Epidemiological projections suggest the global population of diagnosed PD patients may reach 8.7 million by 2030, highlighting its significance as a major contemporary medical and social challenge. The progression of the disease leads to persistent maladjustment in all aspects of the patient’s life, resulting in a loss of human resources. Approximately 85–90% of PD cases are sporadic and multifactorial. Recent research has identified genetic mutations predisposing to PD. However, the contribution of environmental factors to PD pathogenesis remains unclear.

This review examines current evidence on both pathogenic and protective effects of environmental factors in the development and progression of sporadic PD.

We conducted a comprehensive search of Russian- and English-language full-text publications over 25 years using eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases with relevant keywords. The review analyzes pathogenic and protective environmental factors in PD, along with factors of uncertain significance.

About the authors

Natalia G. Zhukova

Siberian State Medical University

Email: znatali@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6547-6622

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor, Department of neurology and neurosurgery

Russian Federation, Tomsk

Zainutdinkhuzha F. Sayfitdinkhuzhaev

Siberian State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: sayfutdinxodjaev2002@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-2184-2708

research assistant, Scientific and educational laboratory of cognitive neurophysiology of psychosomatic relationships

Russian Federation, Tomsk

Dilorom A. Nurmatova

City Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 1

Email: okhunbaev@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-2031-8940

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant professor, Head, Department of neurology of older children

Uzbekistan, Tashkent

Irina A. Zhukova

City Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 1

Email: zhukova.ia@ssmu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5679-1698

Cand. Sci. (Med.), Assistant Professor, Expert, Clinical Research Center

Uzbekistan, Tashkent

Jakhongir M. Okhunboev

City Children’s Clinical Hospital No. 1

Email: okhunbaev@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0002-7312-7750

neurologist, Department of neurology of elderly children

Uzbekistan, Tashkent

Alexandra Ya. Masenko

Siberian State Medical University

Email: masenkosasha@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0003-4583-5407

postgraduate student, Department of neurology and neurosurgery

Russian Federation, Tomsk

Olesya V. Gaponova

Siberian State Medical University

Email: masenkosasha@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0009-6061-0314

postgraduate student, Department of neurology and neurosurgery

Russian Federation, Tomsk

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Copyright (c) 2025 Zhukova N.G., Sayfitdinkhuzhaev Z.F., Nurmatova D.A., Zhukova I.A., Okhunboev J.M., Masenko A.Y., Gaponova O.V.

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