Vol 25, No 1 (2025)

Introduction. Systemically important banks determine the driving force of the entire banking sector of the country. Assigning a credit institution to such a category is not its advantage, it is its responsibility not only to customers, but also to society and the state. All commercial banks, which are grouped into a systemically important group, are large financial groups with large amounts of assets, the loss of which will definitely disrupt the functional structure of the country’s economy. Theoretical analysis. This article pays special attention to the definition of systemically important credit institutions, key aspects of their regulation, as well as approaches to assessing the financial stability of commercial banks. In particular, V. S. Kromonov’s methodology is considered in detail, which, despite the fact that it was developed a long time ago, can be actively used in modern conditions. Empirical analysis. The statistical indicators of systemically significant commercial banks are analyzed, as well as the data necessary to assess their financial stability using V. S. Kromonov’s methodology. The calculations made it possible to identify the most economically stable credit institutions, as well as to compile their rating. Results. The key aspects substantiating the importance of assessing the financial stability of systemically important banks are formulated. Disruption of their stable functioning can lead not only to the emergence of one-time systemic risks, but also to a decrease in the financial security of the country. The advantages and disadvantages of using V. S. Kromonov’s methodology in assessing the financial stability of systemically important banks are presented.

Introduction. The high relevance of the digital technologies use issue, as well as the variety of theoretical approaches to studying the impact of digital transformation on the activities of organizations, have determined the need to identify and classify scientific approaches to the concept of digital transformation. Theoretical analysis. Nine concepts have been identified in the works of Russian and foreign scientists who consider the phenomenon of an organization’s digital transformation. Additionally, the development of scientific thought forms five more approaches that analyze the effectiveness of digital transformation: index assessment, connected development imbalances assessment, platforms impact assessment, the impact on the external environment assessment, digital transformation risks assessment. Empirical analysis. On the one hand, the classification of approaches allows us to judge the development of knowledge in the direction of evaluating the effectiveness of the digital technologies introduction, on the other hand, it becomes obvious that the digital transformation of an organization is a complex phenomenon affecting the activities of the object of transformation itself and having external influences. Results. Studying the impact of digital transformation on changing business processes, technological changes, and strategic goal-setting in organizations remains an urgent scientific and practical task. In turn, the external environment of an organization is a source for the implementation of coherent development concepts, complementing the effects of digital technologies on the internal as a complex phenomenon that studies the effectiveness of the processes of introduction and development of digital technologies based on a set of exogenous and endogenous effects.

Introduction. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is a political and legal document, which determines the presence in it of a large number of norms-principles, norms-goals, norms-declarations. The propositions stipulated in them are often referred to as categories, since they have concepts that are “extreme in terms of the level of generalization”. At the same time not all propositions can be attributed to the number of categories. Theoretical analysis. The criteria formulated by scientists who specialize in the field of theory of law were taken as the basis for differentiating the legal essence of such constitutional concepts as “category” and “constitutional principle”. The use of the method of comparative analysis made it possible to assess a number of norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, to show the correspondence of certain constitutional provisions to the concept of “category”. The formal and legal method allowed for excluding certain norms-principles from the categories due to the inconsistency of their content with the proposed criteria. A constitutional principle contains a certain idea, it does not regulate social relations. In terms of their influence on the regulation of constitutional legal relations, constitutional norms can be conceptual in nature, contain fundamental ideas or definitions, and consolidate legal relations. Results. The categorical apparatus of the Constitution of the Russian Federation is diverse in its composition, its elements have different degrees of generalization. The author proposed definitions of such elements of the categorical apparatus as “category” and “constitutional principle” and presented arguments about the possible division of the concepts of “constitutional category”, “constitutional principle”, “regulatory constitutional norm”.

Introduction. Most of global and regional international treaties provide for a special type of clause – the obligation to extradite or prosecute (lat. aut dedere aut judicare). International obligation gives an alternative for a state to extradite a person who committed an offence or to surrender such a person to their competent authorities to prosecute. Nevertheless, there are some legal grounds that mitigate the fulfillment of the obligation wholly or in its part. To minimize the risk of impunity, states resort to flexible mechanisms that provide an alternative to the international obligation to extradite or prosecute. Theoretical analysis. There are forms of international cooperation in criminal matters that provide for alternatives to international obligation to extradite or prosecute: transfer of criminal proceedings, transfer of convicted persons, recognition and enforcement of decisions of foreign judicial authorities, criminal proceedings “in absentia” and transfer of proceedings to international criminal justice authorities. Еmpirical analysis. Each form of international cooperation in criminal matters as an alternative to the obligation to extradite or prosecute is critically analyzed in the article. Practice of the regional association (EU), provisions of global and regional international treaties, and judicial practice serve as the ground for scientific research. Special attention is paid to the legal nature and scope of the relevant areas of cooperation within the framework of the issue in question. Results. The comparative analysis reflects the distinctive features and disadvantages of the implementation mechanism. The presented forms of international cooperation have a flexible mechanism of action in relation to the international obligation, they have dispositive legal nature and they are not strictly limited in terms of types of crimes. Futhermore, the existing alternative mechanisms contribute to compliance with the principle of inevitability of punishment, the principle of “ne bis in idem” and other procedural guarantees.

Introduction. In recent decades, the issues of preserving and protecting historical memory have become increasingly relevant in the context of legal regulation and judicial practice. The purpose of this article is to study the positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in the field of historical memory protection, as well as to determine their impact on national legal consciousness and legislation. Theoretical analysis. The article considers the positions of constitutional researchers on the role of the Constitutional Court in the field of direct application of the provisions of the Constitution, on the basis of which, in turn, the direction of development of the position of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the protection of historical memory is studied. Empirical analysis. The study includes a detailed analysis of the key decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation related to the protection of historical memory. Specific cases through which the court formulated its approaches to historical and legal issues are analyzed. Results. Several key aspects characterizing the approach of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation to the issue of historical memory are highlighted. Firstly, the Constitutional Court is aware of its importance as an element that strengthens national identity and social unity. Special attention is paid to respect for the defenders of the Fatherland, whose role is enshrined in a number of decisions of the Constitutional Court. Continuity in the development of the state is also one of the key constitutionally significant values supported by the legal positions of the Constitutional Court. Secondly, the Constitutional Court emphasizes the importance of maintaining a balance of interests between preserving historical memory and exercising citizens’ rights and freedoms. Since the protection of historical memory, in particular the preservation of cultural monuments, may overlap with various legal and public spheres, the Constitutional Court is forced to integrate its protection into a complex system of rights and obligations of citizens and the state. Thirdly, the firm and unwavering positions of the Constitutional Court on countering the spread of fascist ideology, the public display of Nazi symbols or paraphernalia as insulting to the multinational people and the memory of the victims suffered in the Great Patriotic War, the inadmissibility of denying crimes against humanity established by the Nuremberg Tribunal, serve as the basis of legal policy to perpetuate the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War.