编号 8 (2025)

The article discusses the phenomenon of laser cavitation initiated at the tip of an optical fiber immersed in a liquid under the action of continuous laser radiation. The properties of flooded cumulative jets arising from the collapse of cavitation bubbles are investigated. It is shown that in free space, jets transfer heat through a liquid, and in the case of cavitation inside a tube filled with liquid, they lead to an inversion motion of the liquid. The practical use of the identified effects in medicine allows for effective surgical treatment of vascular diseases, cysts, acute and chronic infected wounds.

The prospects for the development of artificial intelligence technologies in the field of medicine are considered. The analysis of trends in the development of artificial intelligence in general and specific issues, such as the analysis and classification of big data, predicting disruption and creating a reliable report using a medical decision support system. The advantages and limitations of machine learning methods in comparison with human expertise are described. The types of tasks for the prospective application of artificial intelligence methods are noted, such as analyzing biometric data flows to identify the patient’s condition and modeling the interaction of several drugs.

The article discusses modern challenges and opportunities for using artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine. It presents a Platform for creating models of intelligent analysis of biomedical data, developed within the framework of the world-class Scientific Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”. The key aspects of the infrastructure required for processing medical data, as well as the results of testing the Platform on real biomedical problems are described. Particular attention is paid to the use of AI for analyzing electrocardiograms (ECG), classifying mammograms, detecting melanomas and solving bioinformatics problems. The article is based on the report at the meeting of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences on December 24, 2024.

In the emerging polycentric and multi-level architecture of the world order, in addition to the supporting system of centers of power in their classical understanding, new power subsystems are being built, in particular, migration. Centers of migration power can be defined as international actors, primarily major participants in migration processes, who are capable of achieving foreign policy goals with the help of migration tools and, under specific conditions, realize this potential. The difference in migration positions – recipient, donor, transit population or combinations of these statuses – presupposes a variety of centers of power in the migration field depending on the role they play (immigration, emigration or transit). The migration status of a country is reflected in a wide range and variability of the use of persuasion tools: from the weaponization of human flows and sanctions against migration to cooperation in the field of migration and the promotion of an attractive image of the country with the help of liberal and inclusive migration policy measures. In addition to leading powers, migration force centers may also include states that acquire leadership in the subregional migration space of foreign policy in the appropriate context and time interval, which determines the mobility and variability of the configuration of migration force centers. The current development of migration and the strengthening of its connection with foreign policy processes indicate an expansion of the use of migration force and an increase in the role of migration force centers in international relations.

The topic of university-industry research cooperation remains a persistent interest among the scientific community. Countries with well-developed university-industry links have conducted extensive research on the topic. A comprehensive literature review reveals a diversity of cooperative models, with universities employing diverse strategies to cultivate lasting partnerships. A seminal aspect of this research is the emphasis on trust as a pivotal factor in fostering university-industry cooperation. Drawing on interviews with experts from leading U.S. universities involved in establishing contacts and implementing projects with industry, this article explores the practical challenges of fostering scientific cooperation. The study emphasizes networking, industrial funding, the regulation of professors’ work with companies and incentives for such cooperation. The organization of scientific cooperation is evolving towards horizontal diversification and specialization of university-based intermediary structures, an increase in the diversity of funding forms, and the unification of rules for regulating professors’ work with industrial partners. The incentives for professors to engage in such cooperation are not only related to the potential for additional income but also to scientific interests and the growing prestige of such interactions within the academic community.

What is the significance of the Battle of Kulikovo in the development of relations between the Russian lands and the Golden Horde? According to the author of the article, the victory of Grand Prince Dmitry Ivanovich over Mamai, who had usurped power in the Horde, was for the people of that time a repulse of a specific invasion, and not the overthrow of foreign power in general. The subsequent conflict – with the legitimate Khan Tokhtamysh – ended with the latter’s recognition of the hereditary belonging of the Moscow princes to the Grand Principality of All Russia (Vladimir). It was the securing of the Grand Principality for himself and his descendants that was the main political goal of Dmitry Donskoy. The Battle of Kulikovo Field became the most significant and striking milestone on this path. The main consequence of the unification of the Moscow and Grand Principality of Vladimir was the creation of the foundation of a united Russian state – Russia.