Exosomes in the life cycle of viruses and the pathogenesis of viral infections

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Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin, with a bilayer membrane, 30–160 nm in diameter. Exosomes are released from cells of different origins and are detected in various body fluids. They contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, metabolites and can transfer the contents to recipient cells. Exosome biogenesis involves cellular proteins of the Rab GTPase family and the ESCRT system, which regulate budding, vesicle transport, molecule sorting, membrane fusion, formation of multivesicular bodies and exosome secretion. Exosomes are released from cells infected with viruses and may contain viral DNA and RNA, as well as mRNA, microRNA, other types of RNA, proteins and virions. Exosomes are capable of transferring viral components into uninfected cells of various organs and tissues. This review analyzes the impact of exosomes on the life cycle of widespread viruses that cause serious human diseases: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, SARS-CoV-2. Viruses are able to enter cells by endocytosis, use molecular and cellular pathways involving Rab and ESCRT proteins to release exosomes and spread viral infections. It has been shown that exosomes can have multidirectional effects on the pathogenesis of viral infections, suppressing or enhancing the course of diseases. Exosomes can potentially be used in noninvasive diagnostics as biomarkers of the stage of infection, and exosomes loaded with biomolecules and drugs - as therapeutic agents. Genetically modified exosomes are promising candidates for new antiviral vaccines.

作者简介

Alla Kushch

National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: vitallku@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3396-5533
SPIN 代码: 6964-1715

Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, Leading Researcher

俄罗斯联邦, 123098, Moscow

Alexandr Ivanov

Institute of Molecular Biology named after V.A. Engelhardt of Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: aivanov@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5659-9679
SPIN 代码: 5776-5496

Dr. Sci. Biol., Chief Researcher, head of the laboratory of biochemistry of viral infections; deputy director for scientific work

俄罗斯联邦, 119991, Moscow

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