Vol 192, No 10 (2022)

In 2009–2018, the first and second operation phases (Run 1 and Run 2) of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) were completed at CERN at proton–proton energies $\sqrt{s}$=7–8 and 13 TeV. One of the major goals in constructing the LHC was successfully accomplished with the discovery of the Higgs boson, the missing and fundamentally important element of the modern Standard Model of elementary particles. Along with this, a large amount of other unique physical information was obtained. We review the procedure for obtaining new physical results in the search for supersymmetry with $R$-parity violation at the ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) facility. A comparison with the results of other, mainly collider, experiments is given.

Baroclinic instability is that of flows in a rotating stratified fluid with a vertical velocity shear. The generation of large-scale vortical flows in the atmospheres of Earth and other planets is associated with this instability. The review presents modern theoretical approaches dealing with this instability. They include a description of baroclinic instability through the interaction of edge Rossby waves, the study of the problem of optimal perturbations, i.e., those characterized by the largest growth of energy or other functionals, and an analysis of the nonlinear dynamics of perturbations that relies on a low-mode approximation of the Galerkin method. Classical energy criteria for the stability of zonal flows obtained by the direct Lyapunov–Arnold method are also considered. The results presented may be of interest to specialists in the field of continuum mechanics and astrophysics.

The state of the art and prospects for the development of quantitative optical spectroscopy methods for analyzing the composition of small chemically active components of a nonequilibrium plasma are discussed. The capabilities of the methods are considered in combination with the conditions of applicability, both for fundamental research in the fields of plasma physics and chemistry, and for monitoring the technological processes in reactors for the benefit of the energy sector, micro- and nano-electronics, medicine, the creation of optical coatings, and generating active radicals and excited particles.