«Grey zone» of heart failure
- Authors: Galin PY.1, Kulbaisova SA1, Erov N1
-
Affiliations:
- Orenburg State Medical University
- Issue: Vol 99, No 4 (2018)
- Pages: 651-656
- Section: Reviews
- URL: https://ogarev-online.ru/kazanmedj/article/view/9208
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/KMJ2018-651
- ID: 9208
Cite item
Full Text
Abstract
The review is devoted to modern understanding of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction. The formation of the paradigm of «two phenotypes» of heart failure began around the end of the last century. As a result of a number of large epidemiological studies on heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, so-called «grey zone» of ejection fraction values was formed in the range of about 40-50%. This situation arose because of the lack of clearly established level of normal ejection fraction and underlines imperfection of this parameter as the only classification criterion. But no more convenient «tool» for research work was offered. In the past decade, «grey zone» of heart failure has been actively explored by clinical epidemiologists and clinicians. Should we classify these patients as one of the existing phenotypes of heart failure or present them as a new, separate phenotype? Both the first and second decisions require information about the population «portrait» of subgroup, about their response to treatment, and presumptive pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure. In 2016 European society of cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure, heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction was determined as a separate subgroup to stimulate the search for such data. At the moment mid-range ejection fraction is known to be recorded in about 10-20% of patients with heart failure. They have substantial comorbidities as patients with preserved ejection fraction but the prevalence of ischemic heart disease in this subgroup makes it similar to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. The response to treatment with beta-blockers and aldosterone antagonists is similar to that of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. It is important that the mortality rates in all three groups of patients are approximately the same. This circumstance underlines the importance of further searche. Perhaps the research of «grey zone» of the syndrome will help to better understand pathophysiology of the existing heart failure phenotypes and confirm the validity of their identification based on ejection fraction.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
P Yu Galin
Orenburg State Medical University
Author for correspondence.
Email: pgalin@yandex.ru
Orenburg, Russia
S A Kulbaisova
Orenburg State Medical University
Email: pgalin@yandex.ru
Orenburg, Russia
N Erov
Orenburg State Medical University
Email: pgalin@yandex.ru
Orenburg, Russia
References
- Ponikowski P., Voors A.A., Anker S.D. et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 2016; 37 (27): 2129–200. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128.
- Yancy C.W., Jessup M., Bozkurt B. et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013; 62 (16): e147–e239. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.019.
- Mareev V.Yu., Danielyan M.O., Belenkov Yu.N. Comparative characteristics of patients with CHF, depending on the size of the ejection fraction according to the results of the Russian multicenter study EPOCHA-O-CHF: again about the problem of CHF with preserved systolic function of the left ventricle. Serdechnaya nedostatochnost’. 2006; 7 (4): 164–171. (In Russ.)
- Redfield M.M. Understanding «diastolic» heart failure. New Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350 (19): 1930–1931. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp048064.
- Owan T.E., Hodge D.O., Herges R.M. et al. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. New Engl. J. Med. 2006; 355 (3): 251–259. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052256.
- Bhatia R.S., Tu J.V., Lee D.S. et al. Outcome of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in a population-based study. New Engl. J. Med. 2006; 355 (3): 260–269. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa051530.
- Redfield M.M., Jacobsen S.J., Burnett Jr.J.C. et al. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003; 289 (2): 194–202. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.2.194.
- Brutsaert D.L. Diagnosing primary diastolic heart failure. Eur. Heart J. 2000; 21 (2): 94–96. doi: 10.1053/euhj.1999.1669.
- Steinberg B.A., Zhao X., Heidenreich P.A. et al. Trends in patients hospitalized with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence, therapies, and outcomes. Circulation. 2012; 126 (1): 65–75. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.080770.
- Butler J., Fonarow G.C., Zile M. R. et al. Developing therapies for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: current state and future directions. JACC Heart Failure. 2014; 2 (2): 97–112. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2013.10.006.
- Komajda M., Lam C.S.P. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a clinical dilemma. Eur. Heart J. 2014; 35 (16): 1022–1032. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu067.
- Uandinov L., Eberli F.R., Seiler C. European Study Group on Diastolic Heart Failure. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure (J). Eur. Heart J. 1998; 19 (7): 990–1003. doi: 10.1053/euhj.1998.1057.
- Paulus W.J., van Ballegoij J.J.M. Treatment of heart failure with normal ejection fraction: an inconvenient truth! J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010; 55 (6): 526–537. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.06.067.
- Paulus W.J., Tschöpe C., Sanderson J.E. et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. Heart J. 2007; 28 (20): 2539–2550. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm037.
- Aguirre F.V., Pearson A.C., Lewen M.K. et al. Usefulness of Doppler echocardiography in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 1989; 63 (15): 1098–1102. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(89)90085-4.
- Skaluba S.J., Litwin S.E. Mechanisms of exercise intolerance: insights from tissue Doppler imaging. Circulation. 2004; 109 (8): 972–977. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000117405.74491.D2.
- Hadano Y., Murata K., Yamamoto T. et al. Usefulness of mitral annular velocity in predicting exercise tolerance in patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006; 97 (7): 1025–1028. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.10.044.
- Zile M.R., Gaasch W.H., Carroll J.D. et al. Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction: is measurement of diastolic function necessary to make the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure? Circulation. 2001; 104 (7): 779–782. doi: 10.1161/hc3201.094226.
- Sanderson J.E. Diastolic heart failure: fact or fiction? Heart. 2003; 89 (11): 1281–1283. doi: 10.1136/heart.89.11.1281.
- Borlaug B.A., Redfield M.M. Diastolic and systolic heart failure are distinct phenotypes within the heart failure spectrum. Circulation. 2011; 123 (18): 2006–2013, discussion 2014. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.954388.
- Smiseth O.A., Tendera M. (eds.). Diastolic heart failure. Springer Science & Business Media. 2008; 349 р. doi: 10.1007/978-1-84628-891-3.
- Paulus W.J., Tschöpe C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflammation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013; 62 (4): 263–271. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.02.092.
- Kitzman D.W., Little W.C., Brubaker P.H. et al. Pathophysiological characterization of isolated diastolic heart failure in comparison to systolic heart failure. JAMA. 2002; 288 (17): 2144–2150. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.17.2144.
- Ather S., Chan W., Bozkurt B. et al. Impact of noncardiac comorbidities on morbidity and mortality in a predominantly male population with heart failure and preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012; 59 (11): 998–1005. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.11.040.
- Mentz R.J., Kelly J.P., von Lueder T.G. et al. Noncardiac comorbidities in heart failure with reduced versus preserved ejection fraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2014; 64 (21): 2281–2293. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.08.036.
- Pernenkil R., Vinson J.M., Shah A.S. et al. Course and prognosis in patients ≥70 years of age with congestive heart failure and normal versus abnormal left ventricular ejection fraction. Am. J. Cardiol. 1997; 79 (2): 216–219. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00719-9.
- Farr M.J., Lang C.C., LaManca J.J. et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise variables in diastolic versus systolic heart failure. Am. J. Cardiol. 2008; 102 (2): 203–206. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.03.041.
- Lewis E.F., Lamas G.A., O’Meara E. et al. Characterization of health-related quality of life in heart failure patients with preserved versus low ejection fraction in CHARM. Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2007; 9 (1): 83–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2006.10.012.
- Abhayaratna W.P., Marwick T.H., Smith W.T., Becker N.G. Characteristics of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in the community: an echocardiographic survey. Heart. 2006; 92 (9): 1259–1264. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2005.080150.
- Kelly J.P., Mentz R.J., Mebazaa A. et al. Patient selection in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction clinical trials. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2015; 65 (16): 1668–1682. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.043.
- Cheng R.K., Cox M., Neely M.L. et al. Outcomes in patients with heart failure with preserved, borderline, and reduced ejection fraction in the Medicare population. Am. Heart J. 2014; 168 (5): 721–730. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2014.07.008.
- Chioncel O., Lainscak M., Seferovic P.M. et al. Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2017; 19 (12): 1574–1585. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.813.
- Rickenbacher P., Kaufmann B.A., Maeder M.T. et al. Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction: a distinct clinical entity? Insights from the Trial of Intensified versus standard Medical therapy in Elderly patients with Congestive Heart Failure (TIME-CHF). Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2017; 19 (12): 1586–1596. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.798.
- Kapoor J.R., Kapoor R., Ju C. et al. Precipitating clinical factors, heart failure characterization, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure with reduced, borderline, and preserved ejection fraction. JACC Heart Failure. 2016; 4 (6): 464–472. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.02.017.
- Chioncel O., Lainscak M., Seferovic P.M. et al. Epidemiology and one-year outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved, mid-range and reduced ejection fraction: an analysis of the ESC Heart Failure Long-Term Registry. Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2017; 19 (12): 1574–1585. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.813.
- Hsu J.J., Ziaeian B., Fonarow G.C. Heart failure with mid-range (Borderline) ejection fraction: Clinical implications and future directions. JACC. Heart Failure. 2017; 5 (11): 763–771. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.06.013.
- Delepaul B., Robin G., Delmas C. et al. Who are patients classified within the new terminology of heart failure from the 2016 ESC guidelines? ESC Heart Failure. 2017; 4 (2): 99–104. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12131.
- Bhambhani V., Kizer J.R., Lima J.A. et al. Predictors and outcomes of heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction. Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2018; 20 (4): 651–659. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1091.
- Rastogi A., Novak E., Platts A.E., Mann D.L. Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical outcomes for heart failure patients with a mid-range ejection fraction. Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2017; 19 (12): 1597–1605. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.879.
- Tsuji K., Sakata Y., Nochioka K. et al. Characterization of heart failure patients with mid-range left ventricular ejection fraction — a report from the Chart-2 Study. Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2017; 19 (10): 1258–1269. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.807.
- Lam C.S.P., Solomon S.D. The middle child in heart failure: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (40–50%). Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2014; 16 (10): 1049–1055. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.159.
- Cleland J.G., Bunting K.V., Flather M.D. et al. Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis of double-blind randomized trials. Eur. Heart J. 2017; 39 (1): 26–35. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx564.
- Farré N., Lupon J., Roig E. et al. Clinical characteristics, one-year change in ejection fraction and long-term outcomes in patients with heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction: a multicentre prospective observational study in Catalonia (Spain). BMJ Open. 2017; 7 (12): e018719. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018719.
- Lupón J., Díez-López C., de Antonio M. et al. Recovered heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and outcomes: a prospective study. Eur. J. Heart Failure. 2017; 19 (12): 1615–1623. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.824.
- Packer M. Heart failure with a mid-range ejection fraction: A disorder that a psychiatrist would love. JACC: Heart Failure. 2017; 5 (11): 805–807. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2017.08.012.
- Katsi V., Georgiopoulos G., Laina A. et al. Left ventricular ejection fraction as therapeutic target: is it the ideal marker? Heart Failure Rev. 2017; 22 (6): 641–655. doi: 10.1007/s10741-017-9624-5.
- Lund L.H. Heart failure with «mid-range» ejection fraction — new opportunities. J. Cardiac Failure. 2016; 22 (10): 769–771. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.07.439.
Supplementary files
