Microorganisms in modern biomedicine and biotechnology

In vaccine prophylaxis, the use of genetically modified microorganisms has become a major direction in the development of modern vaccine formulations. These approaches involve mRNA-based technologies and the genetic modification of bacteria and viruses to create live vaccines. The lecture is devoted to new trends in microbiology and their influence on the food industry, pharmacology, and vaccinology. The methodological section of the publication describes general approaches to DNA cloning, synthesis, and sequencing. Particular attention is given to strategies for bacterial genome editing. The lecture discusses current developments in genetic engineering approaches for industrial and medical purposes, as well as achievements in creating artificial microorganisms of bacterial and viral origin. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of the microbiota in maintaining human health through the correction of dysbiotic conditions by microbial therapy, including the use of health-promoting bacteria as probiotics and individualized probiotics (autoprobiotics). The potential of beneficial bacteria for treating various pathological conditions and diseases—such as irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic syndrome, and multiple sclerosis—is demonstrated. The correction of dysbiosis and microbial therapy are also significant in oncology. This lecture may be of interest to physicians and researchers not specialized in molecular genetics or microbiology but wishing to gain a general understanding of current scientific and technological trends in this rapidly developing field.