Vol 45, No 1 (2023)
Articles
7-7
ARCHAEOLOGY
NEW DATA ON DATING ENEOLITHIC AND BRONZE AGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITH ASBESTOS POTTERY IN THE TERRITORY OF NORTHWEST RUSSIA
Abstract
The article presents the results of the radiocarbon dating of samples from archaeological contexts ofancient settlements in Karelia, Leningrad, Vologda, and Murmansk regions, obtained with the AMS (accelerated massspectrometry)method. Using asbestos as a temper in clay mass for making pottery is a unique cultural phenomenon ofthe ancient population of Northern Europe. Several types of pottery with asbestos temper that differ in ornamentation,morphology, and making technology and date to the Eneolithic and the Bronze Age are known in the north-western partof Russia. Thus, several culturally and probably ethnically different groups of people lived in this territory. Studies onthe specifics of the cultural interaction and intercultural influences of these groups are possible only with the welldeveloped chronology of pottery types development, which determines the relevance of the conducted research. The article is the first publication of archaeological materials from the contexts that provided the radiocarbon dated samples.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):8-19
8-19
WORLD HISTORY
THE ROLE OF TRADE MONOPOLIES IN THE OPPOSITION BETWEEN THE CROWN AND THE PARLIAMENT UNDER QUEEN ELIZABETH I TUDOR
Abstract
The relevance of the research is determined by the problem of monopolism in modern economy. It hasgreat theoretical and practical significance because in the realization of their economic interests monopolistic associationsusually hinder the development of market relations as such and produce crisis. In this respect it is expedient to turnto the historical past and parse an example of how this problem was solved then. The aim of this article is to investigatethe principal problem of England’s social and economic development in the second part of the XVI century, which wasa struggle in the Parliament around trade monopolies and patent policy of the Crown. It was established that causaproxima that forced the Parliament’s decision to introduce a monopoly question for debate was numerous abuses ofpatents’ owners. It caused numerous complaints of those merchants who could not obtain a certain patent for somereasons. The debates about the harm of monopolies lasted from 1597 up to 1601, when the House of Commons consideredthe antimonopoly bill, and Queen Elizabeth I ordained the proclamation in which she renounced her right to givenew monopolies in a future. It is demonstrated that as a result the parliament did not go as far as to infringe the Crown’s prerogative to give merchants patents and did not pass the relevant bill. The status of the existing monopolies remained unchanged.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):20-28
20-28
RUSSIAN HISTORY
IMPROVEMENT OF THE SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORTS IN KARELIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1920S
Abstract
The history of the development of physical culture and sports in the USSR dates back to 1918. Modernresearchers have already published a significant number of documents and studies on different periods of our historicalpast, addressing both the creation of the state system in general and the development of the physical culture movementin certain regions. The relevance of studying the history of physical culture and sports is due to close attention to currentpublic health issues and the development of mass sports in the modern society. The article examines the improvementof the system of physical culture and sports in Karelia in 1925–1929. These years saw the intensive activities of theKarelian Council of Physical Culture and the Council of Trade Unions aimed at organizing sports clubs and competitions,introducing new kinds of sports to the local population, forming national teams for participation in all-union competitions.The methodology of the study is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, which allows us to consider theprocesses of development of physical culture and sports in the region from specific historical perspectives and take intogreater consideration the historical and modern socio-cultural contexts. The novelty of the research is determined by theintroduction of previously unpublished sources into scientific circulation. The source base for writing the work was thecollection of the National Archives of the Republic of Karelia on the Council of Physical Culture under the ExecutiveCommittee of the Kem’ District Council (F. R-852), as well as other various published and unpublished documents. Thearticle uses legislative acts, materials of the republican periodical press, in particular the Karelskaya Kommuna andKrasnaya Karelia newspapers. So far, there has been no studies on the history of the development of physical cultureand sports in Karelia in the second half of the 1920s. The previously published materials are fragmentary and full offacts without any relevant analysis and commentary. This paper is the first to use legislative acts, archival documents,and other documentary materials in order to analyze the activities of the Republican Council of Physical Culture and the Council of Trade Unions aimed to improve the physical culture and sports movement in Karelia in 1925-1929. The paper concludes on the creation of a system of physical culture and sports in the republic, despite serious problems with its organization.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):29-35
29-35
STATE SOCIAL POLICY: PERIODIZATION OF HEALTHCARE REFORMS IN THE POST-SOVIET PERIOD
Abstract
After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the new government initiated reforms, including those in thehealthcare system, aimed at the transition to market relations. Today, after several decades, it is time to summarize theresults of the state social policy. The method of periodization is widely used in historical science as one of the summarymethods. The presented research novelty is determined by the insufficient number of articles dealing with the issues ofthe periodization of the post-Soviet healthcare reforms: most articles address this issue indirectly and/or investigateparticular reforms. The main stages of reforms presented in this study are the result of the systematic approach. Todetermine these stages, the article considers the main healthcare system problems, mechanisms to address them, thefrequency of references, and the dates of the beginning of the reform implementation. The main sources of the researchwere official documents and the speeches of the Russian President. The research used the comparative and chronologicalmethods, the content analysis, and the structural approach. As a result, two stages of reforms were identified: 1) thetransitional stage from the collapse of the USSR to 2005 (new principles of healthcare functioning were formulated, butchanges during this stage were poorly controlled and, therefore, were ineffective); 2) the stage of systemic transformationsfrom 2005 to the present day (consistent implementation of previously formulated principles). The latter can be further divided into three sub-periods: 1) from 2005 to 2013 – technical re-equipment of medical facilities; 2) from 2013 to 2020 – optimization of financial, material, and human resources; 3) from 2020 – primary care modernization (suspended by the coronavirus pandemic).
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):36-43
36-43
HEALTHCARE DEVELOPMENT IN KARELIA IN THE 1930s
Abstract
It is important to study the social consequences of economic reforms in order to form an effective statepolicy aimed at sustainable development. This article discusses the main directions of healthcare development in Kareliain the context of forced industrialization in the 1930s. Among the achievements, it highlights the formation of a sanitaryservice and an outpatient network, the development of specialized medical care, including obstetrics, and the start of theroutine vaccination of the adult population. Due to the workers’ declining living standards and the massive engagementof seasonal workers, leading industrial enterprises began creating their own medical institutions. Extensive training ofparamedical personnel was launched for the first time. However, many health problems remained acute, especially inrural areas. Graduates of medical universities often did not remain at work for long due to the heavy workload and lackof housing. The backward communal services, difficult living conditions of migrants, and the lack of effective vaccinesagainst a number of serious diseases contributed to a high level of epidemic threats. People complained about thequeues at medical institutions, the lack of medicines, and the poor quality of medical care. Healthcare was recognized as one of the lagging areas of development in Karelia. The study was carried out on the basis of archival documents using the systemic and problem-based chronological methods.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):44-53
44-53
A. N. TIMONEN: FROM SOVIET CULTURAL DIPLOMACY TO INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE BETWEEN KARELIA AND FINLAND
Abstract
The dynamics and features of interaction between Karelia and Finland in the cultural sphere in the 1960sare considered in the context of the tasks of expanding the USSR’s influence on the territory of its northern neighbor.The forms and ways used by the creative forces of Karelia in the studied period for presenting the Finno-Ugric culture on the territory of Finland do not allow us to define these relations as intercultural communication. As early as in the late 1950s, the chairman of the Karelian Branch of the Union of Soviet Writers A. N. Timonen joined the party and state structures in their efforts to implement cultural diplomacy in Finland. The Karelian Branch of the USSR-FinlandSociety, created to establish an intercultural dialogue, was removed from the traditional field of propaganda andagitation. Timonen used multilateral personal contacts with the creative intelligentsia of Suomi. This way, he was ableto stimulate informal communication between colleagues in the field of culture and arts and ensured mass participation of residents in cultural and friendship festivals on both sides of the border. This allowed Karelia and Finland, while preserving the tasks of cultural diplomacy in general, to switch to intercultural dialogue in the 1960s and to intercultural communication in the 1970s.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):54-61
54-61
CONFERENCE «PETROZAVODSK: A CITY OF MILITARY GLORY»
LABOR CAMP FOR SOVIET CITIZENS IN KUTIZHMA DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR
Abstract
The relevance of the study is determined by the conduct of a set of measures in Russia within the federalproject “Without a statute of limitations” and a special importance of preserving historical memory for the modernsociety. For the first time in domestic historiography, an attempt was made to use declassified documents introducedinto scientific circulation for the first time in order to examine the living and working conditions of the Soviet citizensin the Kutizhma labor camp on the territory of Soviet Karelia occupied by the Finnish forces. Comparing the informationfrom the personal sources and the official documentats it was possible resulted in reconstructing a picture of the camplife. The prisoners of the labor camp in Kutizhma, mainly logging-oriented, were the first Soviet prisoners of war. Laterthey were replaced with the civilian population sent in batches from the concentration camps in the city of Petrozavodsk. Extremely heavy physical labor, hunger, cold, illnesses, and abuse by the camp administration led to the death of a significant number of prisoners. The prisoners who returned from Kutizhma to Petrozavodsk were exhausted, sick, and devoid of their ability to work.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):62-68
62-68
THE ROLE OF THE LENINGRAD MILITIA IN THE STABILIZATION OF THE SVIR SECTOR OF THE SOVIET-FINNISH FRONT IN OCTOBER 1941
Abstract
The article presents the results of the research of the confrontation between the Soviet and the Finnishtroops in the Svir sector of the Soviet-Finnish front in the autumn of 1941. The research is based on archival materialsmainly introduced into academic use for the first time. The critical stage of the formation of the frontline from LakeLadoga to Lake Onega is investigated. In October 1941, while the Red Army units were on their way from Moscow,Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia, and the Far East, the Finnish combat groups, having already captured a number of bridgeson the southern bank of the Svir River, started their offensive. The present paper aims to examine and emphasize theimportance of the role played during this period by small detachments of Soviet troops, which prevented the advanceof the superior forces of the Finnish army. Such detachments ensured the deployment of the arriving divisions of theRed Army, which, in their turn, prevented Finnish and German armies from uniting in the Tikhvin and Volkhov sector.The key units that provided significant resistance to the Finnish troops were the remnants of the 3rd Leningrad Divisionof the People’s Militia, the parts of the 67th Rifle Division, and the detachment of artillerists of the military engineer2nd rank M. S. Sorokin. The existence of Sorokin’s detachment is revealed for the first time in the historiography of theGreat Patriotic War, as well as its decisive role in preventing the Finnish breakthrough in the central (Vonozero) subsector. The paper analyzes the rates of saturation of the front with infantry and artillery of the opposing sides and the dynamics of changes in the balance of forces in the Svir lodgement.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):69-76
69-76
PETROZAVODSK IN THE FRENCH PRESS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Abstract
The publications of the French periodicals during the World War II present interesting material for theanalysis of the propaganda methods and the intellectual climate in France in 1939-1945. The coverage of the events ofthe Great Patriotic War in the French press remains virtually unexplored, despite the high degree of relevance of thistopic both for the study of sociocultural processes in French society and for imagology research, in particular that of thetransformations of the USSR imaged during the development of relations between the USSR and the West. The articleaims to analyze the peculiarities of the formation of the image of the city of Petrozavodsk by different types of Frenchperiodicals, as well as the dynamics of the number and intensity of such publications during the Second World War.News about the events related to the capital of Karelia was published exclusively by French collaborationist printmedia, and such significant phenomena as the renaming of the city and the establishment of concentration camps in itand its surroundings were not covered at all. At the same time, the features of the general sequence of publicationsrelated to Petrozavodsk corresponded to the typically used logic of publications about the regions new to the French readers. The article is the first study of this topic in historiography, which determines its research novelty.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):77-82
77-82
DAILY LIFE OF MILITARY HOSPITAL TRAINS: RESEARCH POTENTIAL OF THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF FRONTLINE EXTREMITY
Abstract
The article deals with the understudied aspects of frontline everyday life: the casual life of militaryhospital trains during the wars of the first half of the twentieth century. During the functioning of the railway militaryevacuation service, its structure and management system was changing, the capacity for transporting wounded soldiersincreased and the infrastructure improved. Meanwhile, most of the problems of the daily life of the military hospitaltrains remained the same. The purpose of this work is to reveal the research potential of the anthropology of extremesituations of war using materials related to the daily life of military hospital trains in Russia in the first half of thetwentieth century. A wide range of methodological approaches, from social history to emotionology, can be used for theanalysis of “small life-worlds”, an example of which was the intentionally constructed space of an ambulance train.Strategies for survival in the marginal circumstances of a mobile rescue vehicle and the extreme nature of being betweenthe theater of operations and the rear – between life and death – can be explored in line with historical and anthropologicalapproaches. In addition to archival materials, personal documents were used as the research sources. The corpus of theego-documents of mid-level medical workers (sisters of mercy) is the most complete, with the ego-documents ofsanitary workers and doctors less available and the narrative sources created by the railway employees practicallyabsent. The interpretation of visual sources (photographs and newsreels) and the representations of the of an ambulancetrain image in artistic culture can also be challenging. The study resulted in identifying gaps for further research andfinding resources for applying new research trends. Historical psychology allows us to consider the formation ofadaptation practices in the field conditions of the war time and reveal the compensatory functions of cultural events inthe limited space of an ambulance train. Imagology and gender studies can be effectively used to analyze interethnic and gender communication practices. Interdisciplinary research proves to be the most effective means for dealing with this topic and opens the possibility for the preparation of monographs.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):83-92
83-92
ETHNOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY
HUNTING EQUIPMENT OF THE KHAKASS PEOPLE IN THE XIX–XX CENTURY
Abstract
The article presents the complex characteristic of the hunting equipment of the Khakass used in the XIXand the XX centuries. The relevance of the topic is determined by the lack of studies thereof. The novelty lies in the factthat the paper presents the first-of-its-kind comprehensive ethnographic description and a comparative historical analysisof the Khakass hunters’ equipment and its transformation in the XX century. Some previously unused field materialsof the author, as well as new museum and archival data are introduced into scientific circulation. The researchmethodology is based on the integrated approach principle and includes the descriptive and the comparative historicalmethods. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility to use the research results for the reconstructionof the basic parameters of the culture of the South Siberian complex. The hunting equipment comprising special clothes,means of transportation and hunting tools met all the practical needs of the Khakass hunters and ensured successfulhunting. During the XX century, the hunting equipment changed, with a number of hunting tools, one type of a net,pressure traps, bows and arrows, flintlock and percussion cap guns eventually going out of hunting practice. The means of transportation were affected by the changes to a lesser extent. At the time under study, the Khakass hunters stopped using hand-pulled hunting sleds and opted for skin-lined skis and riding horses as their universal “vehicles”.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):93-98
93-98
Reviews
99-100
101-105
Discussions
RUSSIA IN THE CIVIL WAR: NORTHERN REGIONAL DIMENSION
Abstract
Article investigates the studying of regional problems of the Russia’s Civil War, primarily in the RussianNorth. The author characterizes the literature published in connection with the centenary of the events. Central attentionis paid to the coverage of regional issues, mainly to the problems, processes and events of the Civil War in the RussianNorth in the encyclopedia entitled Russia in the Civil War. The study reveals whether the quality of the articles in thisedition corresponds to the modern level of historiography of the history of the Civil War in the North, indicating theerrors and distortions in the encyclopedia materials discovered as a result of the content analysis. The conclusions are drawn about the need to correct erroneous statements presented on the pages of this edition. The article characterizes the prospects of studying the problems of the Civil War in Russia and the Russian North.
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):106-113
106-113
Anniversary
114-114
Memory
Commemorating the 100th anniversary of Georgiy M. Kert
Proceedings of Petrozavodsk State University. 2023;45(1):115-117
115-117