International Legal Protection of Human Rights in the Context of the Transformation of Modern Constitutionalism: Main Trends and Development Prospects

Contemporary processes of globalization, digitalization, and political changes exacerbate the problem of ensuring human rights at the international level, while the transformation of constitutionalism serves as a crucial context for rethinking the mechanisms of their protection. The international legal protection of human rights becomes an integral part of evolving constitutional systems, necessitating an analysis of not only legal norms but also political-legal paradigms. In the context of fragmentation of state sovereignty and the growing influence of transnational actors, the significance of universal and regional mechanisms of legal protection increases. In this regard, the subject of the study is the relationship between international legal guarantees of human rights and the processes of constitutionalism transformation in various states. Special attention is paid to the legal and institutional interaction between national and supranational levels of the legal protection system. Methodologically, the work relies on a comprehensive approach that combines principles of legal, political, and comparative legal analysis. Both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction) and specialized methods (comparative legal, formal-legal, institutional) are used. The empirical basis includes documents from the UN, regional human rights organizations, decisions of international courts, and national constitutional courts. The scientific novelty of this study lies in its attempt to examine the international legal protection of human rights not from a static perspective, relying solely on legal norms and institutions, but in dynamics — through the lens of a transforming constitutional order. This approach allows for the identification of the internal logic of legal development in the context of global legal pluralism and institutional instability. Furthermore, the work proposes the concept of an "integrative human rights protection approach," oriented towards a flexible combination of universal international standards with local forms of legal culture and institutional organization of power. Thus, the aim of the article is not only a legal analysis of existing norms but also the formulation of guidelines for a possible transformation of human rights protection mechanisms in the context of post-classical constitutionalism.

international law, human rights, transformation of constitutionalism, globalization, digitalization, legal guarantees, European Court of Human Rights, sovereignty, supranational institutions, legal development