The Russian Origin of hybrid warfare as a tool to promote the Anti-Russian Agenda in Western Society

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

The author examines the publications of Western authors on the subject of hybrid warfare from 2014 to 2022, inclusive. The purpose of the study is to analyze the views of Western political and military experts that hybrid warfare is a development of Russian military thought, as one of the mechanisms to promote the anti-Russian agenda. The subject of the study is the publications of Western researchers on the topics of information and hybrid warfare from 2014 to 2022. The object of the study is a Russophobic narrative created around the phenomenon of hybrid warfare by Western political and military experts. The Russophobic narrative means a constructed sequence of images and ideas of an anti-Russian orientation, clothed in the form of a scientific narrative. Due to the huge array of publications for the period from 2014 to 2022, the work analyzed studies reflecting the main specifics of the views of Western authors on the subject under consideration. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that Western researchers began to attribute hybrid warfare to the development of Russian military theorists in 2014, which falls on a new round of active confrontation between Russia and the United States and the beginning of an active anti-Russian campaign in the West. Hybrid warfare has become a journalistic cliche today, which experts and journalists use to describe any actions that do not fit within the framework of traditional ideas about the principles of conventional warfare. Based on initially false and unsubstantiated theses, Western authors accuse Russia of waging a "barbaric war" on the territory of Ukraine in the period from 2014 to 2022. This study revealed that all the tools and elements of hybrid warfare described by Western experts have been successfully used by the United States and the NATO bloc in the course of modern military conflicts. Thus, the humanitarian sphere in the West has turned into another element of propaganda.

References

  1. Арзуманян Р. Багдасарян А. Теория войны в XXI веке // 21-й ВЕК. № 3 (19), 2011. С.20-61.
  2. Гусейнов В.А. Эволюция позиции Запада в чеченском кризисе [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.ng.ru/specfile/2000-02-29/15_evolution.html
  3. Джохар Дудаев посетил Америку [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/27023
  4. Дылевский И.Н., Комов С.А., Коротков С.В., Петрунин А.Н. Операции в киберпространстве: вопросы теории, политики и права // Военная мысль. 2011. 8. С.72-78
  5. Коровин В. Сетевая война США против России на примере Чечни // Россия и мусульманский мир, 2009. С.61-70
  6. Коц А. Плата за террор. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://ria.ru/20170616/1496602455.html http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/10/24/moscow.siege.video/
  7. Путин заявил о поддержке США террористов в Чечне [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/593f57ab9a79478effe66613
  8. Сазонова К.Л. «Гибридная война»: международно-правовое измерение // Право. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. № 4, 2017. С.177-187
  9. Степанов А. Трансформация взглядов руководства ВС США на ведение операций в киберпространстве. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://pentagonus.ru/publ/po_rodam_vojsk/obshhevojskovye_voprosy/transformacija_vzgljadov_rukovodstva_vs_ssha_na_vedenie_operacij_v_kiberprostranstve_2021/146-1-0-3071
  10. Столтенберг назвал бомбардировки Югославии в 1999 году оправданными: [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5c9aa9c59a7947f84e38ed4c
  11. Черненко Е. Начало холодной кибервойны. Новое пространство фронтального противостояния [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/nachalo-holodnoj-kibervojny/
  12. Ajir M. Vailliant B. Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory. Strategic Studies Quarterly. Vol. 12. №3, 2018. P.70-89
  13. Andreas J. Lasconjarias G. NATO’s Hybrid Flanks: Handling Unconventional Warfare in the South and the East. Rome: NATO Defense College. №112, 2015. 12 p.
  14. Baker, M.S., Baker, J. and Burkle, Jr., F.M. Russia’s Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine Threatens Both Healthcare & Health Protections [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/articles/10.5334/aogh.4022/
  15. Barichella A. Cyberattacks in Russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine // Europe in the World. Policy Paper. №281, 2022. 20 p.
  16. Bartles C. Getting Gerasimov Right // Military Review, 2016. P.30-38
  17. Banasik M. A Changing Security Paradigm. New Roles for New Actors – The Russian Approach // Connections. Vol. 15. № 4, 2016. P. 31-43
  18. Bialy B. Social Media—From Social Exchange to Battlefield // The Cyber Defense Review. Vol. 2. № 2, 2017. P. 69-90
  19. Civilian Death in the Nato Air Campaign [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20090419162307/http://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/2000/nato/Natbm200-01.htm
  20. Chinese reports uncover details of cyber-attacks by U.S. security agency. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://english.news.cn/20220913/c0160cc560a7443db81ca77a5a7b5481/c.html
  21. Court throws out case against Nato. BBC News. Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1719039.stm
  22. Danyk Y. Maliarchuk T. Brigs C. Hybrid War: High-tech, Information and Cyber Conflicts Connections. Vol. 16. № 2, 2017. P. 5-24
  23. Davidsson E. The physical destruction of Iraq’s infrastructure in the «Gulf War» [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://aldeilis.net/english/physical-destruction-iraqs-infrastructure-gulf-war/#note0x60800010f420%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2
  24. Donmez B.B. Russian president uses energy as weapon by cutting supply: EU Commission chief [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/russian-president-uses-energy-as-weapon-by-cutting-supply-eu-commission-chief/2677376
  25. Final Report to the Prosecutor by the Committee Established to Review the NATO Bombing Campaign Against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.icty.org/sid/10052#IVB3
  26. Galeotti M. I'm sorry for creating the Gerasimov Doctrine. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/03/05/im-sorry-for-creating-the-gerasimov-doctrine/
  27. Giles A. Valery Gerasimov’s Doctrine. Universitat Porsdam, 2000. 21 p.
  28. Giles K. Russia’s Hybrid Warfare: A Success in Propaganda [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep22215
  29. Grizhev A., Grizhev D. NATO bombing of Yugoslavia – violation of the International Law? 2015. 10 p.
  30. Hoffman F. Complex Irregular Warfare. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.fpri.org/article/2006/01/complex-irregular-warfare/
  31. Hoffman F. Russia's hybrid war against Ukraine [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.dw.com/en/russias-hybrid-war-against-ukraine/a-60829873
  32. Kofman M. Russian hybrid warfare and other dark arts [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://warontherocks.com/2016/03/russian-hybrid-warfare-and-other-dark-arts/
  33. Kofman M. Russia’s armed forces under Gerasimov, the man without a doctrine [Электронный ресурс]. URL:https://ridl.io/russia-s-armed-forces-under-gerasimov-the-man-without-a-doctrine/
  34. Interview with M. Hoffman. Why Russia is using increasingly brutal tactics in Ukraine [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/why-russia-is-using-increasingly-brutal-tactics-in-ukraine
  35. Joshi M. The Russia–Ukraine War: Ukraine’s resistance in the face of hybrid warfare [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/ukraines-resistance-in-the-face-of-hybrid-warfare/
  36. Kaunert C. EU Eastern Partnership, Hybrid Warfare and Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://eucrim.eu/articles/eu-eastern-partnership-hybrid-warfare-and-russias-invasion-of-ukraine/
  37. Kramer M. Russia Is Repeating Its Brutal History in Ukraine. [Электронный ресурс]. URL:https://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/insights/russia-repeating-its-brutal-history-ukraine
  38. Kohlenberg N. Over a Barrel: Energy Exports as a Political Weapon. Ukraine [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://securingdemocracy.gmfus.org/energy-as-a-weapon-nord-stream/
  39. Landler M. Gordon M. NATO Chief Warns of Duplicity by Putin on Ukraine [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/europe/nato-chief-warns-of-duplicity-by-putin-on-ukraine.html
  40. Liang Q., Xiangsui W. Unrestricted Warfare. Beijing: PLA Literature and Arts Publishing House, 1999. 228 p.
  41. Mahajan K. Russia’s hybrid warfare strategy: From Crimea to Ukraine [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/russias-hybrid-warfare-strategy/
  42. Malyarenko T., Kormych B. The Barbarism of Hybrid Warfare. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/barbarism-hybrid-warfare
  43. Marples D. R. The War in Ukraine’s Donbas: Origins, Contexts, and the Future. Central European University Press, 2022. 237 p.
  44. Moldovanu V. The Kremlin’s hybrid warfare techniques in a fading world order [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://aspeniaonline.it/the-kremlins-hybrid-warfare-techniques-in-a-fading-world-order/
  45. Mattis J.N., Hoffman F. Hoffman Future Warfare: The Rise of Hybrid Wars, Proceedings. [Электронный ресурс]. URL:https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2005/november/future-warfare-rise-hybrid-wars;
  46. Murray W., Mansoor P.R. Hybrid Warfare: Fighting Complex Opponents from the Ancient World to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 309 p.
  47. Paolin C.V. Persson G. Setting the Scene-The View from Russia. FOI Report, 2014. 92 p.
  48. Racz A. Band of Brothers: The Wagner Group and the Russian State [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.csis.org/blogs/post-soviet-post/band-brothers-wagner-group-and-russian-state
  49. Reynolds N. Putin’s Not-So-Secret Mercenaries: Patronage, Geopolitics, and the Wagner Group [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/07/08/putin-s-not-so-secret-mercenaries-patronage-geopolitics-and-wagner-group-pub-79442
  50. Ruder M., Grubliauskas J. Energy as a tool of a hybrid warfare // Research Division. NATO Defense College. Rome. № 113, 2015. 7 p.
  51. Russian Hybrid warfare // Russian Hybrid warfare: a study of disinformation, 2017. P.7-13
  52. Russian Military Reorganization, Modernization & The Market for Private Force [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.newamerica.org/international-security/reports/decoding-wagner-group-analyzing-role-private-military-security-contractors-russian-proxy-warfare/russian-military-reorganization-modernization-the-market-for-private-force/
  53. Russia is using energy as a weapon. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.economist.com/interactive/graphic-detail/2022/11/26/high-fuel-prices-could-kill-more-europeans-than-fighting-in-ukraine-has
  54. Smith С.M. Ukraine's Revolt, Russia's Revenge. Brookings Institution Press, 2022. 384 p.
  55. Sorman G. The Machinery of Barbarism [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.city-journal.org/russias-machinery-of-barbarism
  56. Snegovaya M. Putins Information Warfare in Ukraine. Institure for the study of war, 2015. 28 p.
  57. Tad A. Schnaufer II Redefining Hybrid Warfare: Russia’s Non-linear War against the West // Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 10. № 1, 2017. P.17-31
  58. Tisdail S. Unseen and underhand: Putin’s hidden hybrid war is trying to break Europe’s heart [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/oct/23/unseen-and-underhand-putins-hidden-hybrid-war-is-trying-to-break-europes-heart
  59. The Kosovo Air Campaign [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20220321064857/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/the-kosovo-air-campaign/article4164029/
  60. Thornton R. Miron M. Winning Future Wars: Russian Offensive Cyber and Its Vital Importance // Moscow’s Strategic Thinking The Cyber Defense Review. Vol. 7. N.3, 2022. P.117-135
  61. Trad R. The Soviet Origins of Putin’s Mercenaries [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/the-soviet-origins-of-putins-mercenaries/
  62. UN unable to verify data on incidents in Russia’s Bryansk region [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://tass.com/world/1584239
  63. Ratsiborynska V.When Hybrid Warfare Supports Ideology: Russia Today. Rome: NATO Defense College. №133, 2016. 20 p.
  64. Wither J. K. Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare Connections. Vol. 15. № 2, 2016. P. 73-87

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Согласие на обработку персональных данных

 

Используя сайт https://journals.rcsi.science, я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных») даю согласие на обработку персональных данных на этом сайте (текст Согласия) и на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика» (текст Согласия).