No 11 (2025)
Articles
Integration of Traditional and Folk Medicine into the State Healthcare System: The Experience of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China (1949-1966).
Abstract
The subject of the study is the process of integrating traditional and folk medicine practices into the healthcare system of China, taking the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia as an example, from the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 until the beginning of the "cultural revolution" in 1966. The aim of the work is to identify the prerequisites, conditions, and specific measures for incorporating traditional medicine into the state healthcare system of China and Inner Mongolia. The author examines aspects of integration such as methods of implementation, the state of medical infrastructure during the studied period, and the attitude of the leadership of the People's Republic of China towards traditional medicine. The article explains the relevance of research on the integration of traditional medicine and analyzes the phenomenon of traditional medicine and its relationship with conventional medicine. The work is conducted within the framework of the history of medicine. During the study, based on English-language and Chinese-language literature and sources, the mechanisms of integration that ensured its successful outcome are revealed. The novelty of the research lies in highlighting a little-studied aspect of healthcare in China in Russian historical science—the integration of traditional and folk medicine. It is revealed that a turning point in the history of traditional medicine in China was the founding of the People's Republic of China. The "integration of Western and Chinese medicine" became one of the principles of healthcare in the People's Republic of China. The study found that alongside traditional Chinese medicine, Mongolian (or Mongolo-Tibetan) medicine also received recognition and development within the healthcare system. From the mid-1950s, active efforts were made to attract traditional medicine practitioners to work in hospitals and other healthcare institutions in urban and rural areas, with ancient literature being collected, knowledge of traditional medicine being systematized, and relevant higher medical education programs organized. It was concluded that the integration efforts made before 1966 ensured its successful implementation after the period of the "cultural revolution" from 1966 to 1976, during which the development of traditional medicine in China and Inner Mongolia was harmed. The period from 1949 to 1966 laid the foundation for the modern healthcare system of the People's Republic of China, in which traditional medicine plays a significant role.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(11):1-11
1-11
On the peculiarities of the epidemiological situation in the Yakutsk region in the second half of the 19th century.
Abstract
The subject of the study is the struggle of the authorities in the Yakutsk region against epidemics in the second half of the 19th century. The object of the study is the epidemiological situation in the region during the specified time. The authors provide an overview of major epidemics that occurred during this period—measles in 1851, 1863–1864, smallpox in 1874–1875, and in the 1880s—based on previously unstudied archival data, in the context of measures taken by local regional authorities for the prevention and treatment of these diseases. Special attention is paid to attempts to establish a dependence of the epidemiological situation on historical and demographic processes, specific actions of regional authorities for the prevention and treatment of epidemic diseases such as smallpox and measles. The study also examines the peculiarities of local administration during this period. Historical-comparative and statistical methods are applied in the research. In the first case, this refers to comparing the epidemiological situation in the first and second halves of the 19th century. In the second case, the authors worked with mass quantitative indicators to relate the processes under study to the historical demography of Yakutia. The novelty of the research lies in modeling the established epidemiological situation against the backdrop of historical and demographic processes, particularly among the Yakuts. The main conclusions of the conducted research are as follows: adverse trends (mortality, slowing demographic growth) were evidently related, among other factors, to the detrimental impact of epidemics. This study presents previously unintroduced documentary materials (reports on morbidity, reports, correspondence of indigenous management authorities, district and regional police structures), which indicate the difficulties and peculiarities of the development of the epidemiological situation in the region. It also examines for the first time the staffing of regional health authorities in chronological dynamics: staffing levels, turnover, training, and educational levels of medical personnel serving in the region. A significant contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the main conclusion drawn during the research—that the adverse situation in the fight against epidemics in the Yakutsk region was significantly influenced by the "human factor": insufficient funding, difficulties with staff replenishment and rotation, organization of vaccination, etc.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(11):12-35
12-35
Apostolic preaching among the Zikhs: source studies and historiographic aspects
Abstract
The article examines the apostolic mission in the Dnieper and Northern Black Sea regions, reveals its geographical boundaries, objects and subjects of missionary activity through the examination of three types of historical sources: Christian apocrypha (Syrian, Coptic, Ethiopian and Slavic); analysis of the works of Byzantine historians (Eusebius of Caesarea, Eucherius of Leon, Hippolytus of Rome, Dorotheus of Tyre, Epiphanius of Cyprus, Simeon Metaphrastes, Nicetas of Paphlogonia and Nicephorus Callistus). This problem is also considered through the prism of the Russian chronicle collection; the following lists were analyzed:: Laurentian, Trinity, Ipatiev, Sofia, Nikon, Tver, Simeon, Lvov Chronicles and the Book of Degrees. When analyzing the source study and historiographic material concerning the study of the areas visited by the apostles in the Dnieper region and the Northern Black Sea region, it was assumed that their missionary object was not only the Slavic tribes, but also all the peoples living in the region during this period, including the ancestors of the modern Adyghe, to whom a number of experts also include the Zikhs. For a comprehensive analysis of the problem under study, comparative and problem-chronological methods of historical research were used. With a comprehensive analysis of all three types of historical sources: Christian apocrypha, Byzantine writings and Russian chronicles, it can be stated without the slightest doubt that the southern region of Russia has a rich apostolic history. Taking into account the evidence provided in historical sources, it can be stated with complete confidence that the apostolic mission of Andrew the First-Called and his disciples was directed not only at the Slavic tribes, but also at the ancestors of the modern Adyghe - the Zikhs.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(11):36-45
36-45
Aurelio Pecci and his concept of "new humanism"
Abstract
The subject of the research is the views of Aurelio Peccei, the founder of the international non-governmental organization the Club of Rome, regarding the paths and methods for solving the global problems of humanity. His concept of "new humanism" aimed at awakening human consciousness and humanizing human existence, transitioning to a global mindset that perceives humanity as a single whole. The article pays special attention to the analysis of three key components of the "new humanism" concept: the sense of globality, love for justice, and intolerance of violence. Peccei’s proposed concept of "new humanism" sparked lively discussions regarding the possibility of utilizing moral and ethical foundations and universal moral regulators in the prevention of violence and the preservation of global peace. Peccei's ideas on the necessity of qualitative change in human society were continued and further developed in other reports of the Club of Rome. The article is based on an analysis of the works of A. Peccei ("Before the Abyss," "Human Qualities," "A Hundred Pages for the Future: Reflections of the President of the Club of Rome," "The Club of Rome – An Agenda for the End of the Century") and the reports of the Club of Rome. The article is carried out within the framework of the history of ideas and intellectual history, which predetermined its interdisciplinary nature and the borrowing of methodological approaches from philosophy. The novelty of the research lies in the author's attempt to identify the theoretical-philosophical and specific-historical prerequisites for the emergence of Aurelio Peccei's concept of "new humanism." Another important aspect of the article is related to revealing the key provisions of "new humanism" and identifying their further transformation in the works of other representatives of the Club of Rome. The article concludes that A. Peccei saw the chance to create a "non-violent society" only if there was an awakening of human consciousness, the humanization of human existence, the formation of global morality, and the cultivation of a sense of responsibility for one's actions. The more dynamic the process of globalization, the more acute the necessity for a universal human revolution is perceived. Unfortunately, these calls have not been taken seriously by world political leaders as practical means of solving international problems.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(11):46-54
46-54
Russian Government courier service in special conditions of service
Abstract
The research subject is the Russian Government courier service in special conditions of service. The research issue is relevant because in this year, according to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 568 (July 31, 2023), will be celebrated the 80th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, and 2025 was declared the "Year of the Fatherland Defender": "In honor of the special military operation heroes and participants, and in memory of the exploits of all ancestors who fought for Homeland in different times," and "For the glory of our fathers, grandfathers, and great-grandfathers who crushed Nazism". Besides, in 2026 the Russian Government Courier Service will celebrate its 230th anniversary. In this regard, the article is written in order to perpetuate the couriers’ memory, who in various years participated in their assigned tasks to provide courier communications to the Russian state leaders, senior officials, government authorities in special conditions of service, including the Great Patriotic War and special military operation. In the article are used historical and legal analysis and synthesis, system structural, functional, formal logical approaches. The scientific novelty consists in the research subject. For the first time in history, the article clearly presents the results of analysis of the Russian courier service activities in special conditions of service during its 229-years existence. The article provides information on 41 special service conditions, during which the couriers served, and some tasks performed in these conditions, incentive measures and social guarantees provided for the Russian Courier Service for these tasks. Special attention in the article is paid to the issue of service by modern couriers of the Russian Government courier service during the special military operation - the special service condition that will go down in the Russian Courier Service history.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(11):55-78
55-78
Lex Constructionis: unification of jurisdictional principles in international construction contract law
Abstract
This article examines the Lex Constructionis concept, which aims to unify jurisdictional principles and substantive legal norms in international construction contract law. It highlights the historical circumstances shaping this concept, its doctrinal bases, and its role in ensuring predictable, consistent legal enforcement. The focus is on international construction contracts involving parties from diverse legal systems, generating conflicts of laws, arbitrability issues, and challenges in recognizing arbitral awards. The study addresses the legal environment in which large-scale infrastructure projects function in today’s multipolar world. Its purpose is to show how Lex Constructionis may harmonize legal mechanisms, enhance regulatory efficiency, and improve predictability in judicial and arbitral decisions. Core principles of Lex Constructionis, their relevance, and value to stakeholders in international construction-related legal relations are elucidated. The methodology draws on primary and secondary sources, including published scholarship, international standards, and prevalent practices. Key methods include literature review, comparative legal analysis of various jurisdictional systems, and assessment of enforcement practices within the Lex Constructionis framework. The study’s novelty lies in comprehensively exploring Lex Constructionis to unify not only jurisdictional principles but also substantive norms. This approach fosters a coherent understanding of how arbitrability, recognition of arbitral awards, choice of law, and jurisdictional clauses can integrate into a single system. Conclusions underscore the need to further develop Lex Constructionis to enhance predictability and transparency, reduce disputes, and streamline resolution. Emphasis is placed on aligning national and international standards, broadening alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, and examining existing conflicts of laws. The recommendations and identified avenues for future research lay a foundation for refining legal mechanisms, ensuring a higher degree of harmonization in international construction contract law.
Genesis: Historical Research. 2025;(11):79-94
79-94