The potential utility of synovial C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and presepsin in diagnostics of periprosthetic joint infection
- Authors: Lyubimova L.V.1, Pavlova S.I.1,2, Nikolaev N.S.1,2, Lyubimov E.A.1, Pchelova N.N.1, Emelianov V.Y.1,2
-
Affiliations:
- Federal Center of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Arthroplasty (Cheboksary)
- Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov
- Issue: Vol 30, No 4 (2024)
- Pages: 5-13
- Section: Clinical studies
- URL: https://ogarev-online.ru/2311-2905/article/view/277856
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/2311-2905-17578
- ID: 277856
Cite item
Abstract
Background. Diagnostics of infectious complications in joint replacement surgery remains a significant challenge, particularly when microbiological analysis of biological material fails to reveal pathogen growth.
The aim of the study was to determine threshold values for C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and presepsin levels, and to assess their diagnostic value in detecting periprosthetic joint infection.
Methods. A prospective cohort single-center blinded study was conducted involving cases of revision arthroplasty for periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and aseptic prosthetic loosening. The study included 66 patients divided into two groups: Group I (n = 17), with confirmed PJI using the 2018 ICM criteria, and Group II (n = 49), with aseptic prosthetic loosening. Synovial fluid samples were subjected to bacteriological and cytological analysis, measuring levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), presepsin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6). ROC analysis, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and threshold values were determined for laboratory data.
Results. The highest diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between PJI and aseptic loosening was observed in the leukocyte count in synovial fluid (AUC 0.928; 95% CI: 0.837-0.977, p<0.0001). Elevated synovial CRP levels were associated with infection, with an AUC of 0.776 (95% CI: 0.656-0.870, p = 0.0004), and IL-6 had an AUC of 0.712 (95% CI: 0.583-0.820; p = 0.0048). Presepsin levels, however, showed no significant difference between groups (AUC 0.582; 95% CI: 0.453-0.703; p = 0.3344). Threshold values were set at 5.6 mg/l for CRP, 1212.0 pg/ml for presepsin, and 988.5 pg/ml for IL-6. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for PJI diagnosis were determined for CRP at 62.5%, 85.7%, and 80.0%; for IL-6 at 87.5%, 63.0%, and 69.4%; and for presepsin at 43.8%, 79.6%, and 70.8%, respectively.
Conclusion. In cases where synovial leukocyte counts are at borderline levels, the additional assessment of synovial fluid cellular composition and simple, cost-effective markers such as synovial CRP and IL-6 may be recommended to confirm PJI.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Lyudmila V. Lyubimova
Federal Center of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Arthroplasty (Cheboksary)
Author for correspondence.
Email: borisova-80@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5750-4459
Russian Federation, Cheboksary
Svetlana I. Pavlova
Federal Center of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Arthroplasty (Cheboksary); Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov
Email: flavonoid@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9976-7866
Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor
Russian Federation, Cheboksary; CheboksaryNikolay S. Nikolaev
Federal Center of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Arthroplasty (Cheboksary); Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov
Email: nikolaev@orthoscheb.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1560-470X
Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor
Russian Federation, Cheboksary; CheboksaryEvgeniy A. Lyubimov
Federal Center of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Arthroplasty (Cheboksary)
Email: elyubimov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5262-0197
Russian Federation, Cheboksary
Nadezhda N. Pchelova
Federal Center of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Arthroplasty (Cheboksary)
Email: nadyapchelova@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9507-9118
Russian Federation, Cheboksary
Vladimir Y. Emelianov
Federal Center of Traumatology, Orthopedics and Arthroplasty (Cheboksary); Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov
Email: vemelianov@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1720-1741
Russian Federation, Cheboksary; Cheboksary
References
- Gehrke T., Alijanipour P., Parvizi J. The management of an infected total knee arthroplasty. Bone Joint J. 2015;97-B(10 Suppl A):20-29. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.97B10.36475.
- Tsang S.T.J., Gwynne P.J., Gallagher M.P., Simpson A.H.R.W. The biofilm eradication activity of acetic acid in the management of periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint Res. 2018;7(8):517-523. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.78.BJR-2018-0045.R1.
- Romanò C.L., Khawashki H.A., Benzakour T., Bozhkova S., Del Sel H., Hafez M. et al. The W.A.I.O.T. Definition of High-Grade and Low-Grade Peri-Prosthetic Joint Infection. J Clin Med. 2019;8(5):650. doi: 10.3390/jcm8050650.
- Parvizi J., Tan T.L., Goswami K., Higuera C., Della Valle C., Chen A.F. et al. The 2018 Definition of Periprosthetic Hip and Knee Infection: An Evidence-Based and Validated Criteria. J Arthroplasty. 2018;33(5): 1309-1314.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2018.02.078.
- Della Valle C., Parvizi J., Bauer T.W., DiCesare P.E., Evans R.P., Segreti J. et al. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons clinical practice guideline on: the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(14):1355-1357. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.9314ebo.
- McNally M., Sousa R., Wouthuyzen-Bakker M., Chen A.F., Soriano A., Vogely H.C. et al. The EBJIS definition of periprosthetic joint infection. Bone Joint J. 2021;103-B(1):18-25. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.103B1.BJJ-2020-1381.R1.
- Любимова Л.В., Божкова С.А., Пчелова Н.Н., Преображенская Е.В., Любимов Е.А. Роль культуронегативной инфекции в структуре инфекционных осложнений после эндопротезирования коленных суставов. Гений ортопедии. 2023;29(4):402-409. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-4-402-409. Lyubimova L.V., Bozhkova S.A., Pchelova N.N., Preobrazhenskaya E.V., Lyubimov E.A. The role of culture-negative infection among infectious complications after total knee arthroplasty. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(4):402-409. (In Russian). doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-4-402-409.
- Fernandez-Sampedro M., Salas-Venero C., Fariñas-Álvarez C., Sumillera M., Pérez-Carro L., Fakkas-Fernandez M. et al. 26 Postoperative diagnosis and outcome in patients with revision arthroplasty for aseptic loosening. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:232. doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-0976-y.
- Osmon D.R., Berbari E.F., Berendt A.R., Lew D., Zimmerli W., Steckelberg J.M. et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56(1):e1-e25. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis803.
- Пантелеев А.Н., Божкова С.А., Тихилов Р.М., Каземирский А.В., Анисимова Л.О., Гузюкина С.А. и др. Экстренное гистологическое исследование в диагностике перипротезной инфекции при ревизионном эндопротезировании коленного сустава. Гений ортопедии. 2023;29(2):180-189. doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-2-180-189. Panteleev A.N., Bozhkova S.A., Tikhilov R.M., Kazemirsky A.V., Anisimova L.O., Guzyukina S.A. et al. Emergency histological examination in diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection in revision total knee arthroplasty. Genij Ortopedii. 2023;29(2):180-189. (In Russian). doi: 10.18019/1028-4427-2023-29-2-180-189.
- Marazzi M.G., Randelli F., Brioschi M., Drago L., Romanò C.L., Banfi G. et al. Presepsin: A potential biomarker of PJI? A comparative analysis with known and new infection biomarkers. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2018;31:394632017749356. doi: 10.1177/0394632017749356.
- Saleh A., Ramanathan D., Siqueira M.B.P., Klika A.K., Barsoum W.K., Rueda C.A.H. The Diagnostic Utility of Synovial Fluid Markers in Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2017;25(11):763-772. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-16-00548.
- Lee Y.S., Koo K.H., Kim H.J., Tian S., Kim T.Y., Maltenfort M.G. et al. Synovial Fluid Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99(24):2077-2084. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.17.00123.
- Николаев Н.С., Пчелова Н.Н., Преображенская Е.В., Назарова В.В., Добровольская Н.Ю. «Неожиданные» инфекции при асептических ревизиях. Травматология и ортопедия России. 2021;27(3):56-70. doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-3-56-70. Nikolaev N.S., Pchelova N.N., Preobrazhenskaya E.V., Nazarova V.V., Dobrovol’skaya N.Y. “Unexpected” Infections in Revision Arthroplasty for Aseptic Loosening. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2021;27(3):56-70. (In Russian). doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2021-27-3-56-70.
- Qin L., Li X., Wang J., Gong X., Hu N., Huang W. Improved diagnosis of chronic hip and knee prosthetic joint infection using combined serum and synovial IL-6 tests. Bone Joint Res. 2020;9(9):587-592. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.99.BJR-2020-0095.R1.
- Delva M.L., Samuel L.T., Acuña A.J., Kamath A.F. Presepsin as a diagnostic biomarker of peri-prosthetic joint infection: a review of the literature. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2023;33(4):695-700. doi: 10.1007/s00590-022-03232-z.
- Busch A., Jäger M., Engler H., Wasssenaar D., Bielefeld C., Wegner A. Diagnostic Accuracy of Synovial Neopterin, TNF-α and Presepsin in Periprosthetic Joint Infection: A Prospective Study. Z Orthop Unfall. 2022;160(3): 299-306. (In English). doi: 10.1055/a-1303-5105.
- Miamidian J.L., Toler K., McLaren A., Deirmengian C. Synovial Fluid C-reactive Protein Clinical Decision Limit and Diagnostic Accuracy for Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Cureus. 2024;16(1):e52749. doi: 10.7759/cureus.52749.
- Diniz S.E., Ribau A., Vinha A., Oliveira J.C., Abreu M.A., Sousa R. Simple and inexpensive synovial fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection according to the new EBJIS definition. J Bone Jt Infect. 2023;8(2):109-118. doi: 10.5194/jbji-8-109-2023.
- Ottink K.D., Strahm C., Muller-Kobold A., Sendi P., Wouthuyzen-Bakker M. Factors to Consider When Assessing the Diagnostic Accuracy of Synovial Leukocyte Count in Periprosthetic Joint Infection. J Bone Jt Infect. 2019;4(4):167-173. doi: 10.7150/jbji.34854.
- Zahar A., Lausmann C., Cavalheiro C., Dhamangaonkar A.C., Bonanzinga T., Gehrke T. et al. How Reliable Is the Cell Count Analysis in the Diagnosis of Prosthetic Joint Infection? J Arthroplasty. 2018;33(10):3257-3262. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2018.05.018.
- Sousa R., Serrano P., Gomes Dias J., Oliveira J.C., Oliveira A. Improving the accuracy of synovial fluid analysis in the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection with simple and inexpensive biomarkers: C-reactive protein and adenosine deaminase. Bone Joint J. 2017;99-B(3):351-357. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.99B3.BJJ-2016-0684.R1.
Supplementary files
