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Vol 12, No 6 (2022)
Articles
Ideological Foundations and Features of Western Legal Culture
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze the ideological foundations of Western legal culture. The main attention is paid to the philosophical and legal, socio-political, religious and moral, natural and climatic factors that determined the processes of evolution of legal culture in the West. Many scientists turn to the problem of the ideological foundations of Western legal culture. The topic is interesting not only for lawyers, but also for philosophers, political scientists, historians, sociologists, as well as for representatives of other branches of science. At each stage of the development of science, different interpretations of the problems can be found, but almost all scientists agree in assessing the common roots of modern legal culture in Western countries. Usually, scholars single out Roman private law, canon law, as well as the philosophy of natural law as unifying principles. Of course, it is difficult to dispute the obvious, but it cannot be said that from a scientific point of view, this problem has been fully studied and is no longer of research interest. This article attempts to delve into the essence of the ideological foundations of Western legal culture. The author examines the problem through the prism of the forms of Western civilization - Romano-Germanic and Anglo-American, deeply interconnected and having common roots. The importance of natural and climatic conditions, geographical space, universal connections provided by the united church, which revealed that special type of personality who sought to individualize his life, is also noted. If in the East people aspired to communality, then the isolation of the individual was characteristic of the West, but it should be noted that due to the densely populated Europe, its multinational nature, the lack of free land, people were inclined to resolve conflict cases through the conclusion of an agreement on a compromise basis. These circumstances obliged people, through compromise, to establish uniform rules, the observance of which was ensured by the state. These rules were primarily focused on respect for individual rights and freedoms, respect for private property, etc. The further development of Western civilization, which was based on the ideas of respect for individual rights and freedoms, led to the birth of the foundations of civil society, the existence of which was determined by the postulates of the rule of law. The realization of the ideas of the rule of law and civil society has determined the vector of development of Western countries, which is the basis for their development in the paradigm of liberal values.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):15-21
15-21
Digital Space and Political Stability of Russia
Abstract
Today digital space is one of the most significant social niches. The unique value-behavioral patterns related to basic spheres of social life, including political-administrative field, are formed within it. On the one hand, digital space requires more time from many modern people, on the other hand, the latter declare their needs in new ways, creating social request and present-day problem field. As a result, misunderstanding and lack of precision in understanding such requests by authorities can lead to formation of vacuum in the informational picture of the world, which other political actors, as a rule, pretend to fill, including those who pursue destructive goals. All that radically changes requirements not only for the level of interaction and dialogue between authorities and society but also for the principles of the interaction. Ignoring the mentioned state of affairs can involve risks of political stability and safety of states. The given article is aimed at identifying peculiarities of political-administrative digital space in Russia and defining possible preventive works for exclusion and neutralization of this kind of threats. According to the central conclusion of the article, the key step in this direction should be development of channels and mechanisms of policy feedback in the digital space allowing authorities to understand social requests and problem field of society timely and as accurately as possible and prevent the political picture of the world from distortion of social-political reality. All this should contribute to the formation of the so-called “social immunity”, which is extremely necessary for maintain political stability in the current conditions.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):22-28
22-28
The Relevance of the Neo-Institutional Method in the Analysis of Formalized Activities in Russian Modern Domestic Politics
Abstract
The main task in the article is to describe the conditions for an effective domestic policy of the Russian Federation. The authors justified the neo-institutional method as the most effective for analysis. Several institutional practices of domestic policy are described based on this method. The trends in the development of Russia’s domestic policy are proved with the help of neo-institutionalism. The authors conclude that neo-institutionalism can explain the interdependence between public trust, opportunistic behavior, and the incorrect operation of political institutions. Transaction costs can be reduced by improving institutional practices. The authors proposed a model of social behavior. This model will facilitate the reproduction of institutional relations by political actors.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):29-36
29-36
From Raising the Status of a Carrier of Human Capital to Improving the Research Climate in the Country
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to determine the contours and possible directions for improving state policy in the field of generation and accumulation of human capital. Based on the research conducted with the participation of employees of the Financial University under the Government of Russia, proposals have been developed to improve the research climate in the country. As a central element of this policy, it is proposed to use the idea of increasing the social status of a researcher in Russian society.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):37-43
37-43
Dynamics of Situational and Long-term Risks of Regional Ethno-political Stability (Based on the Materials of the Krasnodar Territory and other Regions of Southern Russia)
Abstract
The purpose of writing a research paper is to substantiate and test specific methods for diagnosing the ethnopolitical situation in a geopolitically significant region of the Russian Federation, taking into account the impact of the most complex foreign policy challenges and global turbulence. On the basis of the riskological paradigm and conflictological diagnostics, the factors causing the danger of escalation of regional tension in the subjects of the Southern Federal District are identified on the materials of the Krasnodar Territory. The research project analyzes the changing vectors of socio-political relations, the causes of regional conflict and their impact on the processes of constructing socio-political identities, with an emphasis on the specifics of interethnic and interfaith relations among young people. The conflictological diagnostics of a number of new factors causing risks of aggravation of ethnic contradictions and regional destabilization is carried out.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):44-53
44-53
“Diplomacy of Cities” as a Tool for the Development of Cooperation Between Russia and China (on the Example of St. Petersburg and Qingdao)
Abstract
Purpose. The article deals with the “diplomacy of cities” as a tool for the development of cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China on the example of partnerships between the twin cities of St. Petersburg and Qingdao. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the development of mutually beneficial partnerships between the megacities of St. Petersburg and Qingdao at the present stage, as well as to determine the role of such a partnership of cities in strengthening strategic Russian-Chinese cooperation. Results: as part of the development of interstate cooperation between Russia and China, taking into account current crises and trends in international relations, the partnership of such megacities as St. Petersburg and Qingdao can become one of the key mechanisms for strengthening comprehensive cooperation between the countries. Modern megacities with their complex structure are interesting objects to study not only as centers of economic development, trade, technology and intercultural dialogue, but also as actors largely influencing the development of processes at the macro-regional and micro-regional levels. The dynamics of the development of municipal and business contacts, as well as the implementation of projects, allows us to conclude that the twinned ties of St. Petersburg and Qingdao will continue to strengthen in the long term.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):54-59
54-59
Orthodox Brotherhoods in the Kiev Metropolia in the Second Half of the XVI Century: Between Secular Legislation and Church Law
Abstract
The present study is devoted to the analysis of the legal background of the laics associations emergence and activity in the Kiev mitropolia in the second half of the XVI century, including church, parish and “honey” brotherhoods, guilds and collective patrons of orthodox churches. The aim of the work is to assess the nature and degree of secular and ecclesiastical legislation influence on the emergence and methods of legitimization of Orthodox religious associations in the second half of the XVI century. The church brotherhoods of the end of the XVI century were the result of the evolution of traditional territorial unions that arose on the Ukrainian-Belarusian lands even before the adoption of Christianity. The factors of the evolution were the spread and deepening of Christian practices, and later the entry of orthodox lands into the catholic Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Western European legal system assumed the written consolidation of legal customs and legal facts. In the contact orthodox-catholic zone there were closely related catholic professional and religious unions of laypeople, whose statutory documents became models for copying. Finally, the third factor was the influence of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, which provoked an increase in interest in the affairs of religion and the church among the orthodox laics and led to the emergence of church confraternities and confraternal movement. At the same time, the confraternal movement is a purely Orthodox phenomenon. Assessing the discrepancies between the church law norms and the confraternal ideology provisions, it should be emphasized that the confraternities rejected the norms that had the status of church custom, and in some provisions turned out to be closer to the canonical norm than the contemporary practice of the church.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):60-64
60-64
Indicative Model of the System for Assessing the Sustainability of Regional Development, Taking Into Account the Conditions for the Effective Implementation of Public Administration Regulations and the Functioning of Scientific Institutions
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe an indicative model of a system for assessing the sustainability of regional development, taking into account the conditions for the effective implementation of public administration regulations and the functioning of scientific institutions. The authors studied the existing models used to assess the sustainability of regional development and based on the calculation of data acting as indicators of sustainable development of the region. In addition, in this work, the key elements were identified, the inclusion of which is necessary in any model of the system for assessing the sustainability of regional development. An important place in this work is devoted to the analysis of the features of the application of the indicative model of the system for assessing the sustainability of regional development, taking into account the conditions for the effective implementation of the regulations of public administration and the functioning of scientific institutions. In addition, the authors described the mechanism of formation of an indicative model of the system for assessing the sustainability of regional development, and also identified the provisions that must be observed in the process of developing and implementing this model. Conclusions. In the final part of the article, the authors gave recommendations for further improvement of the model of the system for assessing the sustainability of regional development, taking into account the conditions for the effective implementation of the regulations of public administration and the functioning of scientific institutions.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):65-70
65-70
Conditions for the Successful Adaptation of Domestic and Foreign Experience in Assessing Sustainable Regional Development in the Domestic Program-target Concept of Socio-economic Development of the Russian Federation
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to study the conditions for the successful adaptation of domestic and foreign experience in assessing sustainable regional development in the domestic program-target concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. At the theoretical level, domestic models for assessing sustainable regional development are considered and their characteristic features are highlighted, which allow us to study a whole range of existing methodological approaches in this area. Also in this paper, the characteristics of foreign models for assessing sustainable regional development are studied, taking into account the analysis of regulatory and legal aspects related to sustainable regional development and the features of its assessment. Within the framework of the implemented research, the authors carried out a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign models in terms of the possibility of adapting experience into the domestic program-target concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. The possibilities and limitations associated with the integration of domestic and foreign methods of assessing the sustainable development of regions among themselves are described. Conclusions. Based on the results obtained, the authors formulated recommendations regarding the creation of conditions for the successful adaptation of domestic and foreign experience in assessing sustainable regional development in the domestic program-target concept of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):71-76
71-76
Modeling of a System for Assessing the Sustainability of Regional Development, Taking Into Account the Conditions for the Effective Implementation of Public Administration Regulations and the Functioning of Scientific Institutions
Abstract
The purpose of the study. This article describes the process of modeling the author’s system for assessing the sustainability of regional development, taking into account the conditions for the effective implementation of public administration regulations and the functioning of scientific institutions. The key elements of the system for assessing the sustainability of regional development are considered, and the importance of implementing each of the blocks is justified. In addition, this paper describes the relationship between the elements of the system for assessing the sustainability of regional development. The authors consider the features of the formation of a model for assessing sustainable regional development, highlight the basic stages, the implementation of which allows you to create and implement a model for assessing sustainable regional development. The aspects related to the effective implementation of public administration regulations and the functioning of scientific institutions and related to the model of the system for assessing the sustainability of regional development are studied. Conclusions. Recommendations are formulated regarding the development of a system for assessing the sustainability of regional development, taking into account the conditions for the effective implementation of public administration regulations and the functioning of scientific institutions.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):77-82
77-82
Malpractices by Microfinancial Organizations: An Automated Analysis of Client Stories
Abstract
The regulation of microfinance institutions is possible through understanding the structure of their work, the typology of possible deviant practices, as well as with an established system of control of each stage of interaction of such organizations with both the state and the client. Understanding how clients interact with microfinance institutions helps to identify problems in controlling their activities, as well as to develop mechanisms to protect the consumer. This research uses automated content analysis to identify key issues faced by clients of microfinance institutions and provides a framework for quickly identifying these issues by analyzing online comments. Rapid response to complaints from microfinance consumers will not only capture the facts of violations, but also help keep up-to-date the patterns of malpractices.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):83-87
83-87
The Activities of Consultants-methodologists on the Formation of Financially Literate Behavior of Russians
Abstract
The purpose of the research. This article presents the results of an all-Russian survey of consultants-methodologists who carry out activities to educate the population in financial matters. The study was conducted by the Institute of Financial Literacy of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation together with the educational and scientific sociological laboratory of the Department of Sociology of the Financial University. Both quantitative (questionnaire mass survey of students of the advanced training program “Financial Consulting”) and qualitative methods (in-depth semi-structured interviews with students of the advanced training program “Financial Consulting”) are involved. More than 1,200 students who successfully completed the training program in 2022 took part in the questionnaire survey. The data collection method is online surveys. Geography of the questionnaire survey: consultants-methodologists from 55 regions of the Russian Federation. 34 certified consultant-methodologists took part in the interview. The data collection method is telephone interviews. Geography of the interview: methodologist consultants from 34 regions of the Russian Federation. The scientific novelty of the research is the development of a tool for measuring the satisfaction of students of the Institute of Financial Literacy with the advanced training program “Financial consulting”, building a map of the problems of professional activity of consultants-methodologists with the identification of specific qualities of the Russian population, manifested in financial behavior. Results. Measuring the effectiveness of the work carried out by the state to increase the level of competent behavior of citizens must be supported by additional expertise and methods of sociological measurement of financially literate behavior. This will allow measuring various practices of financial behavior in various areas, assessing them, predicting the consequences and costs for all financial market participants. Currently, such a methodology is in the process of being discussed, created, however, methods for measuring financial literacy are widely popular in scientific communities.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):88-94
88-94
The Socio-economic Situation of Finnish Product Companies in Russia in the Context of the Embargo and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
The article covers the period from 2014 to 2021, complicated by the difficult geopolitical situation against the backdrop of the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 and the subsequent pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. Finnish food companies had to adjust to Russian counterclaims and the food embargo in 2014. In addition, their work has also been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to the basic need to consider the preferences of the Russian consumer, it was necessary to consider the numerous changes that have occurred in recent years, to which companies have had to adapt. To do this, it was important to understand how companies have maintained their positions in the market. The purpose of the research is to examine the peculiarities of the position of Finnish food companies in the Russian market in the context of the food embargo and the coronavirus pandemic. Particular attention is paid to the real cases of the largest Finnish food companies such as Valio, Fazer, Atria. Conclusions. The Russian counterclaims turned out to be unexpected for Finland. In addition to financial losses caused by the crisis for producers, the food embargo also had an indirect effect, which led to disruption of the domestic market and lower producer prices. The unstable situation in the Russian market has significantly complicated the position of Finnish food companies in the market. As a result, companies suffered millions in losses. The COVID-19 pandemic, in turn, despite the need to adapt to new conditions, caused less damage to Finnish food companies in the Russian market than the counterclaims of 2014. Companies have invested in the development of existing products, as well as in the expansion of the range, the most consistent with the new market realities.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):95-101
95-101
Public Trust of the Population in the National Guard of the Russian Federation in the Context of Sociological Research
Abstract
The level of public confidence in social institutions and organizations of the state is one of the most important indicators determining the effectiveness of their functioning, and, consequently, their authority in the system of public administration. In the conditions of modern socio-economic, political challenges, rapidly changing perceptions of citizens about the perfect model of public security, transformed under the influence of numerous information and psychological attacks from external and internal destructive forces, the importance and necessity of forming and maintaining a high level of public confidence in the activities of military personnel (employees) of the National Guard troops of the Russian Federation continues to increase and progress under the influence of many factors. The article discusses the theoretical provisions characterizing the phenomenon of trust on the example of social relations of the population to the Regardie. The theoretical and methodological foundations of the sociological analysis of scientific approaches to the study of public trust are revealed. The article presents the results of a study on the attitude of Russians to the activities and representatives of a relatively young law enforcement agency.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):102-106
102-106
The Liberal Project of the Republican Nation in the Horizon of the New European “Management Paradigm”
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to analyze the “story of the history of the emergence of European nations” as a historical narrative; the variability of “told stories” presented in the form of scientific sociological discourses reveals significant “ambiguities” (E. Balibar) in the representation of the nation, which provides material (objects) for subject thematization in scientific research. The task is to identify and determine the conditions for the possibility of a consistent representation of the nation and the principle of its structure. The article concludes that the representation of the nation as a “new European phenomenon” is due to the ascent of the “activity paradigm” (J. Agamben), in which “function” and “being” reach “indistinguishability” in reality; in the “managerial paradigm” (M. Foucault), the social place of the nation first appears in two interrelated discourses: wars (the nation as the “political form of the people” is the subject of the revolution) and the population (the nation as a “social community” and as a category of scientific sociological discourse). The significance of the normativity of the construction of scientific discourses of the nation in the horizon of liberalism is determined. The first article analyzes the narrative history of the emergence of the first European nation by L. Grinfeld; establishes the reasons why the “republican” “English national identity” is considered exemplary and should be evaluated as the only suitable model for nation-building; reveals the principle of removing the “ambiguity” between the representation of the nation as a “political community” and a “social community” in the horizon of liberal the “republican nation” project.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):107-117
107-117
The Phenomenon of Clip Consciousness in Modern Media Communications
Abstract
The purpose of the research paper was to conduct a systematic analysis of the phenomenon of clique consciousness. It was found that this phenomenon was studied mainly by Russian or Soviet scientists, while foreign specialists did not consider it as a whole, focusing on individual processes and states related to personality psychology. It has been revealed that clique consciousness cannot be unequivocally attributed to positive or negative characteristics of the individual. On the one hand, it can be seen as an ability to creatively perceive the world around, a means of adapting to the ever-increasing information flows, activating the body in critical situations. On the other hand, it causes a decrease in the abilities of systematic and critical perception of the surrounding reality, an increase in the threshold of perception and distinction of significant stimuli. As a result, concentration of attention decreases, the field of consciousness becomes mosaic and is filled with information of superficial character, which makes it difficult to establish connections and relations between separate facts and phenomena of existence. It has been determined that one of the prerequisites for the formation of clip thinking can be media-multitasking. However, the forms of their relationship require additional research. It is shown that in modern conditions without increasing reflexivity and criticality of perception, adequate perception of reality is difficult, and the probability of manipulation and getting into echo chambers increases significantly.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):118-126
118-126
Punishment by Damage to a Body Part in the Russian Empire of the XVIII Century
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to study the process of gradual withering away of the institution of corporal punishment in Russia of the XVIII century, which began with the cessation of the most barbaric variety of them - punishment by injury to a part of the body. The author shows that the main factor in the abolition of the practice of applying punishments by injury to a body part in the Russian Empire of the XVIII century was the awareness by the state itself of their inefficiency. Punishments by damaging a part of the body caused harm to the state itself, which needed soldiers’ and workers’ hands. Also an important role was played by the spread of the ideas of humanism of the New Age in the XVIII century.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):127-130
127-130
Simulacra of Mass Consciousness in the Conditions of Partial Mobilization of Russia
Abstract
The article examines the phenomenon of simulacra, how they create image copies and form mass consciousness during the period of partial mobilization in the Russian Federation. The author shows how, during the special military operation of the Russian Federation on the territory of Ukraine and with the beginning of partial mobilization, simulacra is currently being used to solve its geopolitical and strategic goals of achieving national interests.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):131-134
131-134
The Problems of Constructing the Future: Left-wing Philosophers vs Neoliberalism
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the different projects of the future by thinkers who adhere to the left-wing ideology. Two directions have been established for the development of an image of the future that is intended to replace the unjust socio-economic relations of today. The first direction is related to the demonstration of the shortcomings of the practical implementation of liberalism and neoliberalism, which has taken the outlines of neo-feudalism. The second direction emphasizes the gradual rebirth of capitalism into post-capitalism through the emergence of new classes of precariat, personhood and impersonality, and the emergence of people who exist as individuals. This situation actualizes the search for new ideological approaches in accordance with the changed reality. In addition, more and more evidence confirms the need to reassess the nature and functions of the economy in favor of the principles of post-growth. The possibility of combining the ideas of P. Mason, N. Srnicek and A. Williams to replace capitalism with post-capitalism by expanding the use of information and communication technologies and automation on this basis of all economic activities; reducing working time without reducing its pay; introducing an unconditional basic income and eliminating outdated approaches to work ethics is shown. The implementation of the above approaches can contribute to the establishment of a new counter-hegemonic social order, which will be an alternative to the market economy.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):135-142
135-142
Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Foreign Divorce Judgments in China
Abstract
Recognition and enforcement of foreign divorce judgments is an important part of the recognition and enforcement of foreign civil and commercial judgments. Based on the analysis of the classification of current judicial cases on the recognition and enforcement of foreign divorce judgments by Chinese courts, the study finds that the current Chinese courts maintain a high recognition rate of foreign divorce judgments and focus on the recognition of dissolution of marriage content. At the same time, China has clarified the treaty, legislative and judicial basis for recognizing and enforcing foreign divorce judgments, and established the application of the principle of reciprocity. This article will discuss the institutional development of the recognition of foreign divorce decrees by Chinese courts in the context of the entry into force of China’s Civil Code and the current judicial practice of recognition and enforcement of foreign divorce decrees in China and the current legal provisions.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):143-149
143-149
Phubbing as a Socio-psychological Phenomenon of the Modern Society
Abstract
A sharp increase in the degree of isolation of individuals in relation to society has been a landmark phenomenon of the last few decades of the human civilization development. This phenomenon is rather objective by its nature. The development of the economy and information technology contributes to the growth of opportunities for personal development and, as a result, leads to an increase in the degree of independence from the immediate social environment. It can not be overlooked, that along with the obvious advantages, these trends also imply objective threats. At present, it is hard to imagine and assess what global consequences for civilization will be entailed by the degeneration of human capital into a loosely connected assembly of egoistic subjects accustomed to exist in an “isolated cocoon”. One of the visible signals of a potential danger is a lifestyle that involves a permanent dependence on electronic mobile devices and external information resources. “Phubbing” has become a striking defining attribute of new generations behavior. It is a hollowing-out of real communication, its displacement by manipulations with portable mobile devices. These circumstances significantly increase the relevance and importance of research concerning this issue, preparation of qualitative and quantitative models that can adequately describe these processes and indicate possible threats in a timely manner.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):150-161
150-161
Analysis of the Tools Used in the Implementation of Effective Language Policy
Abstract
Language and language policy exist in very complex, interacting and dynamic contexts, the change of any part of which can have correlating effects and reasons for changing any other part. In the conditions of language competition, great prospects will remain for those languages that can meet the challenges of the time and the modern development of science and technology, systematically improve machine translation and adapt teaching methods and methodology of language acquisition and that will be in demand by a modern linguistic personality - active, dynamic, expressive, pragmatic. Currently, the preservation and development of the language does not happen spontaneously: the success of any state largely depends on the consistent systematic language policy being developed and the roadmap developed on its basis for the preservation and development of the language and languages both in the external circuit and within the state itself. This article discusses the issues of Russian language policy, describes the features of the developing language situation and its impact on the processes of language modernization. The purpose of the study is to present some guidelines and proposals for a general analytical framework, an assessment of the relative effectiveness and various ways of managing the state language policy.
Sociopolitical Sciences. 2022;12(6):162-169
162-169