Signal transduction in immune cells and extracellular matrix role in viral tick-borne encephalitis

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Abstract

Tick-borne encephalitis virus, a member of the genus Orthoflavivirus, consisting of Flaviviridae, is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis, a neuroviral disease, the severity of which varies from mild (febrile form) to severe and life-threatening course (meningoencephalitic form or encephalomyelitis). Tick-borne encephalitis virus is widespread in the countries of Eastern, Central, Northern and Eastern Europe, as well as in Northern China, Mongolia and Russia. In endemic areas, about 12 000 cases of tick-borne encephalitis are recorded annually, which affects socio-economic parameters and poses a serious threat to public health. To date, only vaccination is a verified measure for specific prevention of tick-borne encephalitis; no etiotropic approaches for tick-borne encephalitis exist. However, the inactivated vaccines currently available on the market and in use exert a relatively short immunological memory. In recent years, there has been increasingly evident that the susceptibility to tick-borne encephalitis virus and disease severity are determined not only by the pathogen properties but also by the host genetic factors. In this review, we attempted to summarize previous studies and assess the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes of innate immunity and the extracellular matrix on susceptibility to tick-borne encephalitis. We have identified the following markers of susceptibility to tick-borne encephalitis: TLR3 rs3775291; DDX58 rs3739674; OAC2 rs1293762; IFIT1 rs304478; CD209 rs2287886; CCR5 CCR5∆32; IL10 rs1800872; ABCB9 rs4148866; COL22A1 rs4909444; MMP9 rs17576. The review presents studies corroborating as significant influence of innate immunity at the time of the emergence of infectious diseases, identified potential single nucleotide polymorphisms in the genes responsible for immune signaling and confirmatory results on overall resistance or resistance to viral invasion. However, further validated studies in larger areas and worldwide association studies (GWAS) are needed for a better understanding. The availability of data on genetic markers that reliably affect tick-borne encephalitis allows to identify patients at risk, individualize vaccination and apply proper therapeutic strategies in the future, as well as provide new data on determining the pathogenesis of tick-borne encephalitis and the host-virus interaction during infection.

About the authors

Jeanne P. Belokrylova

M.P. Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immunobiological Drugs of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute)

Author for correspondence.
Email: jsanchezpimentel@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7801-1840
SPIN-code: 7788-7339

Researcher, Laboratory of Tick-borne Encephalitis and Other Viral Encephalitides

Russian Federation, Moscow

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