Immune response to norovirus infection

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Abstract

Noroviruses are non-enveloped viruses of the family Caliciviridae. The norovirus variants that infect humans are highly contagious and are a leading cause of outbreaks for nonbacterial gastroenteritis. In the etiological pattern of acute viral intestinal infections, noroviruses hold the second place after rotaviruses. In countries with widespread use of rotavirus vaccines, the incidence of rotavirus infection has declined, whereas noroviruses have become the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis. A further decline in the incidence of intestinal infections can be achieved by using a vaccine against norovirus, however work on developing this vaccine is still underway. This review provides information on the circulation of genetic norovirus variants, its antigenic epitopes from structural and non-structural proteins, specific immune response, the regulatory activity of viral proteins, and formation of individual and collective immunity against noroviruses. The presented data indicate that immunity generated by norovirus infection has a limited duration and is apparently restricted by the norovirus genotype. The narrow specificity of immunity and the high level of genetic virus variation complicate targeted vaccine development. The long-term and very active circulation of noroviruses of the gene variant GII.4 Sydney 2012 suggests that it has properties that prevent the specific immunity formation in human population. Identification of such properties may be important for developing effective vaccine. Evaluating the protective significance of the immune response to the VP2 protein and virus’s non-structural proteins is also of considerable interest. Until these questions are solved, the most obvious candidates for the norovirus vaccine are capsid proteins VP1 of the gene variant GII.4 Sydney 2012, as well as other most relevant virus variants. Currently circulating strains of the GII.17 genotype exemplify such relevant variants. It also seems likely that, if the vaccine is successfully designed, periodic modification of its antigenic composition will be required in accordance with the epidemiological situation.

About the authors

Vladimir Y. Talayev

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Health Control Service

Author for correspondence.
Email: talaev@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1993-0622
SPIN-code: 5958-4703

DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod

O. N. Babaykina

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Health Control Service

Email: olga_babaykina@inbox.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4527-6134
SPIN-code: 9438-9974

PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod

E. V. Kurkova

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Health Control Service

Email: el2v@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1801-9693
SPIN-code: 6615-7674

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod

A.-M. D. Zharova

National Research Lobachevsky State University

Email: uglich_marie@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0004-5213-1157
SPIN-code: 6710-2294

Assistant Professor, Department of General and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine

Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod

M. V. Svetlova

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Health Control Service

Email: marya.talaeva@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4097-6780
SPIN-code: 8340-7583

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod

I. Y. Zaichenko

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Russian Federal Consumer Rights Protection and Human Health Control Service

Email: imm.irina@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5063-3111
SPIN-code: 3522-4289
Scopus Author ID: 8547169800

PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhny Novgorod

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