Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: modern concept and Parkinson’s disease correlation

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

This review describes the association between rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and synucleinopathies, primarily Parkinson's disease. This article reviews the diagnostic criteria, the epidemiology of RBDs, their pathogenesis, and their association with early non-motor symptoms. The data are presented to assess the risk of phenoconversion of RBDs to Parkinson's disease or other synucleinopathies such as Lewy body dementia and multiple system atrophy. A prodromal period of RBDs may precede synucleinopathies years or decades before potential manifestation of motor, cognitive, or autonomic disorders, and this may be important for initiating the neuroprotective therapy. Other causes of RBDs are also reviewed.

About the authors

Diana M. Khasanova

Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy of Tatarstan Republic

Author for correspondence.
Email: diana.khasanova1987@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1831-330X
SPIN-code: 8638-5837
Scopus Author ID: 57204923376
ResearcherId: GNW-6535-2022

Cand. Sci. (Med.), neurologist, movement disorders specialist, Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum therapy of Tatarstan Republic

Russian Federation, Kazan

Zuleykha A. Zalyalova

Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy of Tatarstan Republic; Kazan State Medical University

Email: z.zalyalova@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8718-7266
SPIN-code: 9481-9152

D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Neurology and rehabi- litation department, Kazan State Medical University; Head, Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum therapy of Tatarstan Republic

Russian Federation, Kazan; Kazan

Guzal R. Ilina

Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy of Tatarstan Republic

Email: gusall_@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0292-8182

Cand. Sci. (Med.), neurologist, Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum therapy of Tatarstan Republic

Russian Federation, Kazan

Nailya I. Bagdanova

Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum Therapy of Tatarstan Republic

Email: nelia.bagdanova@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0009-0005-7292-6069

Cand. Sci. (Med.), neurologist, Consultative and Diagnostic Center for Movement Disorders and Botulinum therapy of Tatarstan Republic

Russian Federation, Kazan

References

  1. Darien I.L. American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders — third edition (ICSD-3). Darien; 2014. 2313 p.
  2. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Parisi J.E. et al. Synucleinopathy pathology and REM sleep behavior disorder plus dementia or parkinsonism. Neurology. 2003;61(1):40–45. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000073619.94467.b0
  3. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J. et al. Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. Mov. Disord. 2001;16(4):622–630. doi: 10.1002/mds.1120
  4. Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M. et al. Quantifying the risk of neurodegenerative disease in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2009;72(15):1296–1300. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000340980.19702.6e
  5. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J. et al. Clinicopathologic correlations I rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder with or without a coexisting neurologic disorder. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):754–762. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.10.015
  6. Olson E.J., Boeve B.F., Silber M.H. Rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: demographic, clinical and laboratory findings in 93 cases. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 2):331–339. doi: 10.1093/brain/123.2.331
  7. St Louis E.K., McCarter S.J., Boeve B.F. et al. Lesional REM sleep behavior disorder localizes to the dorsomedial pons. Neurology. 2014;83(20):1871–1873. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000978
  8. Hancock K.L., St Louis E.K., McCarter S.J. et al. Quantitative analyses of REM sleep without atonia in children and adolescents with REM sleep beha- vior disorder. Minn. Med. 2014;97(5):43.
  9. Boeve B.F. REM sleep behavior disorder: updated review of the core features, the REM sleep behavior disorder-neurodegenerative disease association, evolving concepts, controversies, and future directions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2010;1184:15–54. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05115.x
  10. Schenck C.H., Boeve B.F., Mahowald M.W. Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder or dementia in 81% of older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a 16-year update on a previously reported series. Sleep Med. 2013;14(8):744–748. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.10.009
  11. McCarter S.J., St Louis E.K., Sandnessd D.J. et al. Antidepressants increase REM sleep muscle tone in patients with and without REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2015;38(6):907–917. doi: 10.5665/sleep.4738
  12. Wing Y.K., Li S.X., Mok V. et al. Prospective outcome of rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder: psychiatric disorders as a potential early marker of Parkinson's disease. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2012;83(4):470–472. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301232
  13. Frauscher B., Jennum P., Ju Y.E. et al. Comorbidity and medication in REM sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter case-control study. Neurology. 2014;82(12):1076–1079. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000247
  14. Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Tuineaig M. et al. Antidepressants and REM sleep behavior disorder: isolated side effect or neurodegenerative signal? Sleep. 2013;36(11):1579–1585. doi: 10.5665/sleep.3102
  15. Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M., Montplaisir J.Y. Markers of neurodegeneration in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2009;132(Pt 12):3298–3307. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp244
  16. Teman P.T., Tippmann-Peikert M., Silber M.H. et al. Idiopathic rapid- eye-movement sleep disorder: associations with antidepressants, psychiatric diagnoses, and other factors, in relation to age of onset. Sleep Med. 2009;10(1):60–65. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2007.11.019
  17. Hustad E., Aasly J.O. Clinical and imaging markers of prodromal Parkinson's disease. Front. Neurol. 2020;11:395. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00395
  18. Fernandez-Arcos A., Iranzo A., Serradell M. et al. The clinical phenotype of idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder at presentation: a study in 203 consecutive patients. Sleep. 2016;39(1):121–132. doi: 10.5665/sleep.5332
  19. Howell M., Avidan A.Y., Foldvary-Schaefer N. et al. Management of REM sleep behavior disorder: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Sleep Med. 2023;19(4):759–768. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10424
  20. Ohayon M.M., Schenck C.H. Violent behavior during sleep: prevalence, comorbidity and consequences. Sleep Med. 2010;11(9):941–946. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.02.016
  21. Frauscher B., Gschliesser V., Brandauer E. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in 703 sleep-disorder patients: the importance of eliciting a comprehensive sleep history. Sleep Med. 2010;11(2):167–171. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.03.011
  22. Kang S.H., Yoon I.Y., Lee S.D. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in the Korean elderly population: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Sleep. 2013;36(8):1147–1152. doi: 10.5665/sleep.2874.
  23. Haba-Rubio J., Frauscher B., Marques-Vidal P. et al. Prevalence and determinants of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in the general population. Sleep. 2018;41(2):zsx197. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsx197
  24. Boot B.P., Boeve B.F., Roberts R.O. et al. Probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder increases risk for mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Ann. Neurol. 2012;71(1):49–56. doi: 10.1002/ana.22655
  25. Mahlknecht P., Seppi K., Frauscher B. et al. Probable RBD and association with neurodegenerative disease markers: a populationbased study. Mov. Disord. 2015;30(10):1417–1421. doi: 10.1002/mds.26350
  26. St Louis E.K., Boeve A.R., Boeve B.F. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. Mov. Disord. 2017;32(5):645–658. doi: 10.1002/mds.27018
  27. Wing Y.K., Lam S.P., Li S.X. et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder in Hong Kong Chinese: clinical outcome and gender comparison. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2008;79(12):1415–1416. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.155374
  28. Iranzo A., Fernandez-Arcos A., Tolosa E. et al. Neurodegenerative disorder risk in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder: study in 174 patients. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e89741. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089741
  29. Bonakis A., Howard R.S., Ebrahim I.O. et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) and its associations in young patients. Sleep Med. 2009;10(6):641–645. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.07.008
  30. Ju Y.E., Larson-Prior L., Duntley S. Changing demographics in REM sleep behavior disorder: possible effect of autoimmunity and antidepressants. Sleep Med. 2011;12(3):278–283. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2010.07.022
  31. Bodkin C.L., Schenck C.H. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in women: relevance to general and specialty medical practice. J. Womens Health (Larchmt). 2009;18(12):1955–1963. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1348
  32. Boeve B.F., Silber M.H., Ferman T.J. REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 2004;17(3):146–157. doi: 10.1177/0891988704267465
  33. Ferman T.J., Boeve B.F., Smith G.E. et al. Inclusion of RBD improves the diagnostic classification of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2011;77(9):875–882. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822c9148
  34. Ferman T.J., Boeve B.F., Smith G.E. et al. Dementia with Lewy bodies may present as dementia and REM sleep behavior disorder without parkinsonism or hallucinations. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 2002;8(7):907–914. doi: 10.1017/s1355617702870047
  35. McCarter S.J., St Louis E.K., Boeve B.F. Mild cognitive impairment in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a predictor of dementia? Sleep Med. 2013;14(11):1041–1042. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.08.780
  36. McCarter S.J., St Louis E.K., Boeve B.F. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia as an early manifestation of degenerative neurological disease. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2012;12(2):182–192. doi: 10.1007/s11910-012-0253-z
  37. Molano J., Boeve B., Ferman T. et al. Mild cognitive impairment associated with limbic and neocortical Lewy body disease: a clinicopathological study. Brain. 2010;133(Pt 2):540–556. doi: 10.1093/brain/awp280
  38. Murray M.E., Ferman T.J., Boeve B.F. et al. MRI and pathology of REM sleep behavior disorder in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology. 2013;81(19):1681–1689. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000435299.57153.f0
  39. Chan P.C., Lee H.H., Hong C.T. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) in dementia with lewy bodies (DLB). Behav. Neurol. 2018;9421098. doi: 10.1155/2018/9421098
  40. Fereshtehnejad S.M., Montplaisir J.Y., Pelletier A. et al. Validation of the MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease: longitudinal assessment in a REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) cohort. Mov. Disord. 2017;32:865–873. doi: 10.1002/mds.26989
  41. Berg D., Postuma R.B., Adler C.H. et al. MDS research criteria for prodromal Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2015;30(12):1600–1611. doi: 10.1002/mds.26431
  42. Roguski A., Rayment D., Whone A.L. et al. A neurologist's guide to REM sleep behavior disorder. Front. Neurol. 2020;11:610. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00610
  43. Valencia G.S., Libourel P.A., Lazarus M. et al. Genetic inactivation of glutamate neurons in the rat sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus recapitulates REM sleep behaviour disorder. Brain. 2017;140(2):414–428. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww310
  44. Arrigoni E., Chen M.C., Fuller P.M. The anatomical, cellular and synaptic basis of motor atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. J. Physiol. 2016;594:5391–5414. doi: 10.1113/JP271324
  45. Fraigne J.J., Torontali Z.A., Snow M.B., Peever J.H. REM sleep at its core — circuits, neurotransmitters, and pathophysiology. Front. Neurol. 2015;6:123. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00123
  46. Peever J., Luppi P.H., Montplaisir J. Breakdown in REM sleep circuitry underlies REM sleep behavior disorder. Trends Neurosci. 2014; 37:279–288. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.02.009
  47. Knudsen K., Fedorova T.D., Hansen A.K. et al. In vivo staging of pathology in REM sleep behaviour disorder: a multimodality imaging case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17:618–628. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30162-5
  48. Braak H., Ghebremedhin E., Rüb U. et al. Stages in the development of Parkinson's disease-related pathology. Cell Tissue Res. 2004;318(1):121–134. doi: 10.1007/s00441-004-0956-9
  49. Miyamoto T., Miyamoto M., Inoeu Y. et al. Reduced cardiac 123I-MIBG scintigraphy in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2006;67(12):2236–2238. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000249313.25627.2e
  50. Frauscher B., Normura T., Duerr S. et al. Investigation of autonomic function in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. J. Neurol. 2012;259(6):1056–1061. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-6298-0
  51. Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M. et al. Olfaction and color vision identify impending neurodegeneration in rapid eye movement sleep beha- vior disorder. Ann. Neurol. 2011;69(5):811–818. doi: 10.1002/ana.22282
  52. Fantini M.L., Postuma R.B., Montplaisir J., Ferini-Strambi L. Olfactory deficit in idiopathic rapid eye movements sleep behavior disorder. Brain Res. Bull. 2006;70(4–6):386–390. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.008
  53. Beach T.G., Adler C.H., Lue L. et al. Unified staging system for Lewy body disorders: correlation with nigrostriatal degeneration, cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction. Acta Neuropathol. 2009;117(6):613–634. doi: 10.1007/s00401-009-0538-8
  54. Horsager J., Andersen K.B., Knudsen K. et al. Brain-first versus body-first Parkinson's disease: a multimodal imaging case-control study. Brain. 2020;143:3077–3088. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa238
  55. Bohnen N.I., Postuma R.B. Body-first versus brain-first biological subtyping of Parkinson's disease. Brain. 2020;143:2871–2873. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa293
  56. Horsager J., Knudsen K., Sommerauer M. Clinical and imaging evidence of brain-first and body-first Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2022;164:105626. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105626
  57. Bloch A., Probst A., Bissig H. et al. α-Synuclein pathology of the spinal and peripheral autonomic nervous system in neurologically unimpaired elderly subjects. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2006;32:284–295. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00727
  58. Blesa J., Foffani G., Dehay B. et al. Motor and non-motor ircuit disturbances in early Parkinson disease: which happens first? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2022;23:115–128. doi: 10.1038/s41583-021-00542-9
  59. Warnecke T., Schäfer K.H., Claus I. et al. Gastrointestinal involvement in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2022;8:1–13. doi: 10.1038/s41531-022-00295-x
  60. Adler C.H., Beach T.G. Neuropathological basis of nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2016;31(8):1114–1119. doi: 10.1002/mds.26605
  61. Залялова З.А., Хасанова Д.М. Эволюция предикторов ранней болезни Паркинсона. Бюллетень Национального общества по изучению болезни Паркинсона и расстройств движений. 2022;(2):72–75. doi: 10.24412/2226-079X-2022-12438
  62. Хасанова Д.М., Залялова З.А., Мунасипова С.Э. Нарушения сна у впервые выявленных пациентов с ранними стадиями болезни Паркинсона. Практическая медицина. 2020;18(5):117–123.
  63. McCarter S.J., St. Louis E.K., Boeve B.F. Is rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease a specific disease subtype? Sleep Med. 2013;14(10):931–933. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.06.004
  64. Nomura T., Xiong K.P., Li J. et al. Clinical significance of REM sleep beha- vior disorder in Parkinson's disease. Sleep Med. 2013;14(2):131–135. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.10.011
  65. Chahine L.M., Kauta S.R., Daley J.T. et al. Surface EMG activity during REM sleep in Parkinson's disease correlates with disease severity. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2014;20(7):766–771. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.04.011
  66. Sixel-Doring F., Trautmann E., Mollenhauer B. et al. Associated factors for REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2011;77(11):1048–1054. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31822e560e
  67. Залялова З.А., Хасанова Д.М., Угрюмов М.В. Катехоламины плазмы крови у пациентов с ранними нелечеными стадиями болезни Паркинсона. Альманах клинической медицины. 2018;46(8):792–801. doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-8-792-801
  68. Postuma R.B., Gagnon J.F., Vendette M. et al. REM sleep behaviour disorder in Parkinson's disease is associated with specific motor features. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2008;79(10):1117–1121. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2008.149195
  69. Lee J.E., Kim K.S., Shin H.W., Sohn Y.H. Factors related to clinically probable REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2010;16(2):105–108. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.08.005
  70. Sommerauer M., Valko P.O., Werth E. et al. Revisiting the impact of REM sleep behavior disorder on motor progression in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 2014;20(4):460–462. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2014.01.005
  71. Postuma R.B., Bertrand J.A., Montplaisir J. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease: a prospective study. Mov. Disord. 2012;27(6):720–726. doi: 10.1002/mds.24939
  72. Vendette M., Gagnon J.F., Decary A. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder predicts cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease without dementia. Neurology. 2007;69(19):1843–1849. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000278114.14096.74
  73. Plomhause L., Dujardin K., Duhamel A. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in treatment-naive Parkinson disease patients. Sleep Med. 2013;14(10):1035–1037. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.04.018
  74. McKeith I.G., Dickson DW, Lowe J. et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology. 2005;65(12):1863–1872. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000187889.17253.b1
  75. Pao W.C., Boev B.F., Ferman T.J. et al. Polysomnographic findings in dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurologist. 2013;19(1):1–6. doi: 10.1097/NRL.0b013e31827c6bdd
  76. Palma J.A., Fernandez-Cordon C., Coon E.A. et al. Prevalence of REM sleep behavior disorder in multiple system atrophy: a multicenter study and meta-analysis. Clin. Auton. Res. 2015;25(1):69–75. doi: 10.1007/s10286-015-0279-9
  77. Gagnon J.F., Petit D., Fantini M.L. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in probable Alzheimer disease. Sleep. 2006;29(10):1321–1325. doi: 10.1093/sleep/29.10.1321
  78. Arnulf I., Merino-Andreu M., Bloch F. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy. Sleep. 2005;28(3):349–354.
  79. Boeve B.F., Lin S.C., Strongosky A. et al. Absence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder in 11 members of the pallidopontonigral degeneration kindred. Arch. Neurol. 2006;63(2):268–272. doi: 10.1001/archneur.63.2.268
  80. De Cock V.C., Lannuzel A., Verhaeghe S. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder in patients with guadeloupean parkinsonism, a tauopathy. Sleep. 2007;30(8):1026–1032. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.8.1026
  81. Sabater L., Gaig C., Gelpi E. et al. A novel non-rapid-eye movement and rapid-eye-movement parasomnia with sleep breathing disorder associated with antibodies to IgLON5: a case series, characterisation of the antigen, and post-mortem study. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(6):575–586. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70051-1
  82. Schenck C.H., Mahowald M.W. Motor dyscontrol in narcolepsy: rapid- eye-movement (REM) sleep without atonia and REM sleep behavior disorder. Ann. Neurol. 1992;32(1):3–10. doi: 10.1002/ana.410320103
  83. Dauvilliers Y., Rompre S., Gagnon J.F. et al. REM sleep characteristics in narcolepsy and REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep. 2007;30(7):844–849. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.7.844
  84. Ferri R., Franceschini C., Zucconi M. et al. Searching for a marker of REM sleep behavior disorder: submentalis muscle EMG amplitude analysis during sleep in patients with narcolepsy/cataplexy. Sleep. 2008;31(10):1409–1417.
  85. Nightingale S., Orgill J.C., Ebrahim I.O. et al. The association between narcolepsy and REM behavior disorder (RBD). Sleep Med. 2005;6(3):253–258. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2004.11.007
  86. McCarter S.J., Tippmann-Peikert M., Sandness D.J. et al. Neuroimaging-evident lesional pathology associated with REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep Med. 2015;16(12):1502–1510. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.07.018
  87. Compta Y., Iranzo A., Santamaria J. et al. REM sleep behavior disorder and narcoleptic features in antiMa2-associated encephalitis. Sleep. 2007;30(6):767–769. doi: 10.1093/sleep/30.6.767
  88. Cornelius J.R., Pittock S.J., McKeon A. et al. Sleep manifestations of voltage-gated potassium channel complex autoimmunity. Arch. Neurol. 2011;68(6):733–738. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.106
  89. Iranzo A., Graus F., Clover L. et al. Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and potassium channel antibody-associated limbic encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 2006;59(1):178–181. doi: 10.1002/ana.20693
  90. Josephs K.A., Silber M.H., Fealey R.D. et al. Neurophysiologic studies in Morvan syndrome. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2004;21(6):440–445. doi: 10.1097/00004691-200411000-00008
  91. Tippmann-Peikert M., Boeve B.F., Keegan B.M. REM sleep beha- vior disorder initiated by acute brainstem multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2006;66(8):1277–1279. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000208518.72660.ff
  92. Иллариошкин С.Н., Власенко А.Г., Федотова Е.Ю. Современные возможности идентификации латентной стадии нейродегенеративного процесса. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2013;7(2):39–50.
  93. Нодель М.Р., Украинцева Ю.В., Яхно Н.Н. Синдром нарушения поведения в фазе сна с быстрыми движениями глаз при болезни Паркинсона. Неврологический журнал. 2015;20(6):28–34.
  94. Рождественский А.С., Делов Р.А., Маркс Е.А. и др. Изучение фундаментальных и прикладных аспектов болезни Паркинсона в рамках международного консорциума GEoPD. Нервные болезни. 2020;(1):10–15. doi: 10.24411/2226-0757-2020-12146

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download
2. Key brain regions and neurotransmitters involved in regulating and maintaining REM sleep in healthy people and RBD patients. In RBD, dysfunction within the SubC → VMM → Spinal Motor Neuron pathway results in a lack of REM sleep atonia (depicted by the dotted line). BF, basal forebrain; LC, locus coeruleus; LDT/PPT, laterodorsal tegmentum/pedunculopontine tegmentum; LH, lateral hypothalamus; Subc/PC, subcoeruleus/pre-locus coeruleus; TMN, tuberomammillary nucleus; vlPAG, ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter; VLPO/MnPO, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus/median preoptic nucleus; VMM, ventromedial medulla.

Download (637KB)
Indexing metadata

Copyright (c) 2024 Khasanova D.M., Zalyalova Z.A., Ilina G.R., Bagdanova N.I.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».