Conflict and Order in Contracts of Sale During the Qing Dynasty in China and the Russian Empire (XVII–XIX Centuries)

 This study is devoted to a thorough analysis of the historical-legal aspects of contracts of sale concluded during the Qing Dynasty in China and in the Russian Empire, and is aimed at identifying the causes of the emergence of conflict situations, as well as at analyzing the mechanisms for ensuring order under conditions of monopolized trade and external isolation. The initiative for writing the article was dictated by the necessity of a more complete understanding of the evolution of international contract law and the traditional methods of state regulation of foreign trade transactions, which is of great importance for the current practice of legal regulation.

In the work, the author of the study used extensive archival material, which included contract acts, legislative norms, and administrative documents, allowing for a detailed historical-legal analysis and a compa­rative review of the features of legal regulation in the two empires. The methodological basis of the study was built on the synthesis of archival data, comparative analysis of the applied legal approaches, and an assessment of the effectiveness of administrative measures aimed at preventing conflicts.

The obtained results demonstrate that the state control mechanisms had a very positive effect on the stabilization of trade relations, and the discussion of the identified conflict factors made it possible to assess their influence on the further development of legal institutions, emphasizing both the scientific novelty and the practical value of the study.