Volume 15, Nº 4 (2022)

In this article, the author explores one of the most topical issues of the criminal process - ensuring the safety and protection of the rights and freedoms of victims, as the basis of criminal proceedings. In the course of analyzing the data of statistical and sociological studies, it becomes obvious that there are gaps in the legislation regarding measures to protect victims. The features of the practical application of the institute for the protection of victims are reflected in the article and make it possible to draw clear conclusions about the system of legislative norms governing the safety of the victim. The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines the rights and freedoms of citizens, which can be violated only in accordance with the established legal procedure, everyone has the right to freedom of movement, but when committing an illegal act, measures of restriction of freedom or other preventive measures are applied to a citizen. Also, ensuring their rights and freedoms is the basis of the state policy of the rule of law. The Russian system of criminal justice is quite modified and has leverage on the aggressor in an acute conflict situation, but despite this, the victim still does not feel completely safe. Based on the above legal conflicts, we consider it necessary to amend the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, namely, to ensure the security of the identity of the victim, not to disclose true data about him without his consent. It is noted that it is necessary to reform not only the institution of protection and safety of the victim, but also related norms. So there is the possibility of replacing documents, changing jobs, places of residence, but this is not regulated by the norms of housing, labor and other legislative acts. That is, there is a possibility, but in practice its implementation takes a lot of time and brings a lot of inconvenience in everyday life. The study concludes that in situations of vulnerability of citizens, when it is necessary to apply a system of measures to ensure protection and security, public authorities should respond and provide the necessary assistance in a more coordinated and efficient manner.

The purpose of this article is to consider the prohibition of certain actions in criminal proceedings and to assess the feasibility of its application in modern conditions. This measure of restraint is relatively new, but a fairly large number of legal scholars have been studying its effectiveness. Among them, such famous figures as A.R. Belkin, A.A. Ratanov, N.N. Apostolova and others. In their works, these authors pointed out a rather serious similarity with such a measure of restraint as house arrest, and expressed some misunderstanding about the expediency of separating this prohibition into a separate type. The objectives of the study are to determine the list of prohibitions proposed by this preventive measure, and technical and technical control over their compliance, identifying problems and ways to solve them. Conclusions: Conclusions: Despite the fact that in some cases the introduction of a new measure of restraint in the form of a ban on certain actions has found its positive application, however, a fairly large number of researchers note the formality of the new measure, as well as the difficulty of distinguishing one type of restraint from another. An unambiguous problem is the conditional controllability of compliance with such prohibitions, since, for example, the ban on sending and receiving mail messages cannot be tracked, since you can simply ask someone to send a letter, and even the seizure of postal and telegraph correspondence cannot always solve this problem, since even registered letters are sent in offices without presenting a passport, to in addition, there is also no technical possibility to track those who do not have the right to do so. The ban on using mobile communications, with the exception of contacting emergency services, is also not completely fair, since it excludes the possibility of the accused to contact his lawyer, which is a violation of the constitutional right of any citizen to qualified legal assistance. The ban on using the Internet is also, in the author's opinion, insufficiently regulated, since the accused (suspect) can live with family members who have not been subjected to such a ban, and carry out these manipulations for him. Thus, we believe that it is necessary to clearly regulate the places prohibited for visiting by the person to whom the prohibition of certain actions has been applied, to provide a legitimate opportunity to communicate with the defender via cellular communication.

The purpose of this article is to consider the testimony of various persons and use them as evidence for the investigation of criminal offenses. Despite the fact that there are many types of indications, and there is no consensus among the authors regarding their classification, the author in this paper will adhere to the legislative division of indications into types. The topic raised by the author has been repeatedly raised in the circles of the scientific community. The author addressed this topic, for example, S.S. Alekseev, E.A. Zaitseva, B.V. Rosinsky, A.V. Pobedkin and others. The significance of their work is indisputable, but it does not indicate that this topic has been fully developed, many problems are touched upon in fragments and continue to be debatable and require scientific understanding. The objectives of the study are to identify persons whose testimony can be used as evidence, as well as to analyze the points of view of domestic processualists regarding the permissibility of using the testimony of anonymous witnesses, employees using pseudonyms, as well as specialists giving a conclusion [Novikov. 2010]. Conclusions: According to Part 2 of Article 78 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation) [5], the victim has the right and is obliged to testify in a criminal case. Such testimony includes all the circumstances of the crime committed, as well as the characteristics of the suspect's personality, and the specifics of the relationship with him of the victim himself, as well as other persons involved in the case. The problem with this type of testimony is that at a time of severe stress, the victim may exaggerate the "scale" of the event, apply a value judgment that cannot be attached to the case, since only actual events are important. The obligation to give evidence is also for witnesses. However, such information must have an evidentiary basis, that is, the source of the information provided must necessarily be announced to the investigation. Often the problem of witness testimony is their distortion, under the influence of discussions, and the exchange of impressions. The problematic area is the use of the testimony of anonymous witnesses, since in this case the rights of the accused are infringed, and the defense cannot fully analyze the data and the role of the person giving them in this case. The same problem applies to the testimony of law enforcement officers who may use pseudonyms. The testimony of suspects or accused is traditionally divided into a confession or denial of guilt. The problem here is the truthfulness and falsity of testimony, as well as often refusal. The problem area is also the testimony of a specialist. Since 2001, their testimony has been allowed to be used as evidence. However, there are still disputes about the legality of this provision. On the one hand, this is an expansion of the evidence base, but on the other, some processualists express the opinion that such a situation is unacceptable, since the legislation does not provide for punishment for this category for giving false testimony, which is absolutely not excluded. Also, the reason for the lack of scientific validity and subjectivity of judgments in the conclusions were pointed out against the use of expert testimony as evidence. Nevertheless, the testimony of a specialist is used today when an examination is not necessary. Thus, the lack of procedural regulation of the inclusion of these testimonies as a source of evidence is a problematic area of the criminal process. The problem of the use of a survey of the defendants in the case by a lawyer who can file a petition related to the improvement of the client's situation is also touched upon. However, there is no established form of such a survey, and there is a problem of attaching such testimony to the case, and their evidentiary value. Thus, the author raised the problem of legislative regulation of a single form of expert opinion, and the need to develop methodological recommendations on this issue, the same applies to the development of the survey form.

In this article, we have studied the process of developing hand-to-hand combat skills in extreme situations in physical training classes with students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. It was established that today the main topical issue is the deterioration in the level of physical fitness of police officers. This can be explained, first of all, by the decline in the popularity of physical culture and sports. Young people who have just started studying at the universities of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, for the most part, either did not go in for sports, or went in for a short time. The task of the teaching staff of the Department of Physical Training is to prepare highly qualified personnel for the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia from the existing composition of students. And the key point here is to overcome weak physical fitness. And for this, first of all, in physical training classes, students need to instill a love for sports and physical culture, as well as explain the importance and significance of physical training in their future activities. In the process of teaching hand-to-hand combat techniques, special attention is paid to the study of close combat techniques without the use of firearms, which includes throwing techniques, striking techniques, techniques for applying painful and suffocating techniques. Training in these techniques is carried out with the expectation that, in the process of work, police officers may find themselves in a situation that threatens their life and health, and mastering combat skills increases the chances of a policeman to stay alive, at the same time detaining the attacking criminal. It is concluded that in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, hand-to-hand combat is studied without fail and implies the development of the correct technique for performing wrestling and forceful detention, as well as preparation for the upcoming profession and situations when it becomes necessary to use hand-to-hand combat skills against the offender.

In this article, we have studied the issues of training police officers in the tactical features of the forceful detention of offenders. It was established that in order to carry out a forceful detention, an employee must have an exhaustive knowledge of fighting techniques, as well as a high level of general and special physical training. These qualities are developed in the process of training in educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Training in methods of forceful detention is an integral part of the physical training of an internal affairs officer. In the process of physical training, the main task is to prepare an employee for work in extreme situations, improve the health of an employee, and teach all the necessary methods of dealing with an offender. By implementing this activity of the training process, employees are trained in the skills to counter offenders in various situations, including, if necessary, hand-to-hand combat with them. The practice of law enforcement activity indicates the occurrence of situations when an employee with an offender engage in hand-to-hand combat and the task of the employee is to suppress aggression against him, incl. measures of physical influence, if non-forced methods of influence did not provide the desired result. The use of measures of physical influence and methods of forceful detention are retaliatory actions towards the offender who attacked the police officer or resisted his legal requirements. It is concluded that an important aspect of forceful detention is the development of a specialized methodology for training employees with poor physical fitness and the selection of an individual training program for them. At the same time, training in combat fighting techniques is an insufficient measure, since legal training is still needed in the context of the legality of the use of physical force and fighting techniques only in extreme cases and situations that directly threaten the health and life of an internal affairs officer or civilians.

The purpose of this study is to study aspects of the use of interactive learning technologies in physical training classes to improve the effectiveness of the educational and training process. The introduction of interactive forms of training in the process of physical training is carried out through several stages, passing each of which the level of mastery of wrestling techniques and special motor skills should be significantly improved, as well as the general physical fitness of the listeners. The teachers of the Department of Physical Training face a difficult task that they are obliged to solve, namely, the formation of special motor skills, physical strength and endurance, health promotion and the development of fighting techniques that will be used by them in the process of ensuring law and order. Students, in turn, demonstrate readiness to study educational material, as well as the ability and readiness to master combat techniques of fighting and special motor skills, in order to perform forcible detention and apply self-defense techniques and ensure the personal and safety of citizens. These factors, as well as the weak level of physical training of recruits, puts the teaching staff in an ambiguous situation, and to solve these problems they have to optimize the learning process by various methods and develop methods for mastering the necessary techniques by students. It is established that the need for the use of interactive forms of training is due to their focus on providing advanced training of students in the context of the use of physical force and combat techniques of wrestling. The justifications given in this study for the use of interactive forms of learning determine their effectiveness in the process of forming motor skills and abilities in physical training classes. Taking into account these facts increases the chances of meeting the needs of law enforcement agencies who want to see highly qualified specialists in all aspects of their work in their ranks.

The purpose of this study was to study the causes and ways to overcome the communication barriers that police officers face in the course of their professional activities. The realities of modern law enforcement activity indicate an insufficient level of competence formation among police officers, so they face problems in establishing contact with different categories of people, which makes it difficult to obtain the necessary information. In the most negative aspect, communication barriers can lead to conflicts, which should be minimized in law enforcement. The more barriers an employee encounters when establishing communication with interlocutors, the higher the likelihood of not receiving the necessary and truthful information from the interlocutor to protect human rights and freedoms, expose a criminal, etc. Experts note that the root of communication barriers lies in the decrease in the general level of morality and spiritual culture of society. It has been established that the cause of the emergence of a communicative barrier when establishing contact with an interlocutor is the qualitative component of communication, its completeness and in formativeness. In practice, there are cases when on the part of employees information is presented incorrectly, tactlessly, ambiguously, inaccurately, and the interlocutor develops distrust or even apathy towards the law enforcement officer. However, it cannot be argued that the problem comes only from the side of the employee, here we are talking about the communication skills of both sides of communication, since each of them can understand the information incorrectly, interpret it according to their feelings and views, which may be erroneous. Communication barriers are purely psychological in nature and arise from the individual characteristics of both employees and respondents. And the task of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, where employees go to professional retraining as listeners, is to train them to build communication with any category of people, overcoming communication barriers. Training in this vein implies psychological preparation, the formation of a baggage of theoretical knowledge and constant practice.

The purpose of this study is to study the influence of situational training on the effectiveness of training students of educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the context of the formation of professionally important physical qualities in them, which are necessary for effective counteraction to the offender. Confirming the particular complexity and eccentricity of the specifics of the work of police officers, when they have to constantly deal with an antisocial element, one should point out the need to demonstrate readiness for a critical situation that carries risks to the life and health of an employee. And one of the key components of successful activity is the development of self-control skills by means of physical training. A particular difficulty for students during the preparation period is observed in the psychological factors that complicate the effective solution of the task. And taking into account the fact that an employee can be inferior to a criminal not only in psychological, but also in technical and physical training, then when ensuring personal safety, it is necessary to show resourcefulness and speed of reaction in a fight. The main content of classes with the use of complex situational tasks is the performance of exercises in different roles. During the lesson, the teacher can suddenly make changes and complicate the task and evaluate how quickly the student responds, what actions he performs and the degree of their legitimacy. The goal is considered fulfilled if the performer coped and took all measures in the situation that arose. The result of mastering the situational approach is the ability of an employee to enter the situation in the shortest possible time, analyze it and use its components to successfully solve the combat mission. Solutions can be non-standard and follow from a given goal. With the help of this method, students develop analytical skills, they are also trained to evaluate the alternative, choose the best option, draw up a plan according to it and act according to planned tasks. It has been established that the use of the situational method enables students to master stable skills in the lawful application of measures of physical influence on offenders and to perform their duties qualitatively.

The purpose of this study is to study the issues of professional training of police officers in complex power actions based on the development of a power complex exercise (SKU) from the Manual on the organization of physical training. The power complex of exercises implies the development of the following qualities during its systematic implementation: strength and endurance. In this complex, all exercises are selected in such a way as to work out and use the maximum number of muscle groups in the least amount of time, resulting in more fatigue of the body, and the more often it is performed, the faster the body adapts and gets used to the heavy physical loads, the feeling of fatigue and pain, which also affects the hardening of a person and overcoming the stage when his body refuses to work due to fatigue and pain, which in turn has a positive effect on the upcoming work of an internal affairs officer. After all, an extreme situation can take a law enforcement officer by surprise, and he is obliged to demonstrate readiness for the occurrence of such situations, and they should not in any way affect the quality of his work. This complex contains many exercises for various muscle groups, the main of which are the muscles of the arms (biceps, triceps) and the muscles of the legs (thigh muscles, calf muscles), and the high intensity of exercise puts pressure on the lungs and heart, forcing the lungs to absorb a lot of oxygen for short time, and the heart to pump more blood to the muscles at high speed. As a result, it can be considered a complete workout for the whole body. It has been established that this complex is an excellent test of the physical indicators of police officers, and can be used as an assessment of the development of each of the students.

The human community, having crossed the threshold of the 21st century, brought with it, like baggage, many problems unresolved in the past, one of which is extremism. This is a negative phenomenon, manifested in human intolerance, threatening the peace of citizens, incurring human losses, and becoming a growing threat to peaceful existence. Perhaps today extremism is the most discussed topic. All news means of communication: the Internet, newspapers, magazines, are simply overflowing with news, discussions, comments, discussions about extremism. Today the whole world is going through difficult times. Times when it is better to show universal abstinence in your words, deeds and actions. The influx of false reports in a number of regions of Russia about the mining of kindergartens, schools, judicial and healthcare institutions, after the start of a special military operation in Ukraine, cannot but excite the public. Under such conditions, it is necessary to clearly understand what extremism is, the reasons for its occurrence in society, and how this negative phenomenon is counteracted. In the realities of modernity, religious extremism has become widespread. Most authors define this type of extremism as a manifestation of an intolerant attitude towards representatives of other faiths. Nothing is recognized that violates the dogmas and principles of the dominant religion in a certain social group and the laws established by them. Religious extremism is a serious threat not only to the integrity and state security, but also to the preservation of the rights and freedoms of citizens, their mental and physical health. However, the progressive growth of extremist crime “transfers” this threat into the category of problems that need to be solved in cooperation and immediately. The events taking place in the country clearly confirm this. The target orientation of the scientific article is to get acquainted with the basic concepts, features related to the main activities of the internal affairs bodies to counter religious extremism.

The problem of extremism in general and youth in particular continues to remain relevant. Society continues to live in conditions of political and economic confrontation between the West and the East. Currently Western world supports the radical sentiments and actions of the Ukraine political elite, not hesitating to openly help the followers of the most aggressive of all ideologies that have ever existed - the ideology of fascism. Modern political and physical wars, as a rule, are accompanied by propaganda confrontation. However, the idea is not new. Even during the Second World War, Goebbels, who was the head of the propaganda department in nazi Germany, said: «Give me the media, and I will make a herd of pigs out of any people». In fact, he proposed a new technology for manipulating the masses consciousness. The nationalist movement in Ukraine and representatives of the media sympathizing with them demonstrate this technology in action. In the modern world we are surrounded by information that often turns out to be unverified, hastily collected or deliberately false. The older generation, whose worldview was formed under the influence of Soviet education and ideology, albeit not correct in everything, but certainly based on universal humane principles, is more resistant to information chaos. The target audience of extremist movements is primarily young people, since modern young people are mostly receptive and suggestible due to their lack of firm convictions and moral principles, a stable worldview, criticality and independent thinking. Therefore, one of the effective means of increasing their resistance to the extremist ideas influence should be the development of these thinking qualities. These circumstances, as well as the need to find possible ways to prevent youth extremism determine the relevance and purpose of this article. This goal involves solving a number of tasks: determining the reasons for the low level of critical thinking formation among younger generation representatives and the possibilities of its development.

The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of information and communication technologies to counter terrorist threats, which are firmly entrenched in intimidating the population, influencing the minds of people, as well as creating an atmosphere of insecurity and vulnerability of the state and society. The situation is complicated by the fact that such a large-scale neural network is very difficult to subject to control by the state authorities for the presence of information harmful to the state, law and society. Is it any wonder that for many years this disadvantage has been used by criminals and criminal communities pursuing a variety of anti-social goals? Consequently, being aware of the existence of the problem it is necessary to solve it in some way. Since the security of citizens is guaranteed by the state, it is on the shoulders of its bodies and structures to find methods of combating terrorism, using the same information and communication technologies that allow tracing terrorists' communication channels, preventing terrorist acts, as well as using preventive measures to prevent the strengthening of negative attitudes. The aggravating circumstance is that today the majority of broadcast Internet content is beyond the control of law enforcement agencies of any country. Therefore, the main task facing the law enforcement agencies is to develop measures aimed at processing the information resource with terrorist overtones, attracting specialists to search for terrorists skillfully disguising themselves in almost all existing social networks. This should facilitate the fight against terrorism and accelerate the identification of adherents of a destructive ideology, as well as prevent their illegal activities. And to increase the effectiveness of counteraction to this phenomenon, it is necessary to learn to quickly process the large volume of information that appears on the network day after day; to find terrorists and communities associated with them on social networks before they have time to ruin another life with their propaganda.

The purpose of this study was to study the phenomenon of radicalization. Due to the lack of an empirical basis, difficulties also arise with the definition of a single concept of radicalism, the methodology of its study, the methodology for measuring its indicators, and, accordingly, it is not possible to consider the factors associated with the process of radicalization. Summarizing the variety of interpretations proposed by various authors, we note that radicalization is understood as the process of transition from non-violent forms of expression of opinions to violent actions. The process of radicalization does not occur linearly, it acts as a complex causal relationship. Radical opinions are not a crime. However, participation in violent extremism and terrorism is already a crime. And as law enforcement officers confirm, the greatest risk group is young people, because due to a misunderstanding of the goals of destructive ideologies, they fall under the influence of their emissaries, becoming on a par with extremists and terrorists. The growth of radical sentiment in recent years has been facilitated by the Internet environment, which determined the global, viral, scalable and cascading effect of online radicalization. The time period of the process of radicalization was shortened, and the ideological, financial, organizational and transnational ties of ultra-right extremist communities were actively consolidated. It has been established that radicalism, being a predictor of extremism and terrorism, remains in the role of a global geopolitical risk and a threat to international security. A significant role in strengthening right-wing radicalism was played by the possibilities of the Internet environment, which made it possible to unite like-minded people on a global scale. These communities flooded all major social platforms and alternative information platforms with extremist content, thus forming a vast virtual ecosystem of right-wing extremism. In addition, huge amounts of fake news began to enter the Internet space, which increased the vulnerability of the entire society and states, which, as a result, acts as a destabilizing factor in the world political situation.

Terrorist groups in the modern world actively use the existing crisis conditions for a constant update of their groups membership. The human resource is of fundamental importance for the functioning of these criminal organizations, in connection with which the latter are constantly improving the means and methods of involving various persons in illegal activities. In this context, women should be singled out as the most vulnerable category of the population, who at any age are much more susceptible to external influences due to the psycho-emotional characteristics of their personality. Taking into account the existing growth of offences and crimes of a terrorist nature, it seems necessary to study in more detail the issues related to the recruitment of this category of the population. The purpose of writing this work is to identify the existing features of the recruitment of women into terrorist groups on the territory of the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that the processes of informatization and digitalization have a significant impact, under the influence of which the Internet environment is the main platform for searching and further influencing the above-mentioned category of people. Women with protest behavior, who actively express their positions in various Internet resources are of particular interest to recruiters. Attention is focused on the fact that in the Russian Federation the most widespread involvement of women in terrorist activities is carried out in the republics of the North Caucasus, where religion and ethnic traditions have a serious impact on the worldview. In this context, a constant study of existing trends in the recruitment of women into terrorist groups and active explanatory work in relation to emerging threats is required.

The purpose of this article is a theoretical study of the problem of recruiting young people to terrorist organizations, by considering the methods used by recruiters, and identifying ways to solve it. Research objectives: - to give the concept of terrorism; - analyze historical trends in the formation of terrorism; - present methods of recruiting young people; - describe the psychological types most affected by such influence of people; - formulate recommendations on countering recruiters; Conclusions: in the article, the author gives the concept of terrorism, examines the phenomenon of terrorism in Russia from the moment of its first case to the present day, analyzes the goals of terrorist organizations at the dawn of its emergence and today, also highlights the most "popular" methods of recruiting young people into terrorist organizations. The categories of people most exposed to dangerous influence, their psychological characteristics, as well as ways of programming them and narrowing the consciousness of victims are described. Some recommendations are given on how not to fall into the hands of professional recruiters, and examples of their work are given. The importance of timely warning of young people is emphasized that it is impossible to completely trust unfamiliar people, ignore relatives, and put only the authority of a new acquaintance at the forefront. The author in the article urges to pay attention to your family, friends and friends, not to ignore their abrupt changes both for the bad and for the good, but to find out what caused it. Considerable attention is paid to interpersonal relationships between parents and young children, the importance of maintaining trusting communication with a child who, growing up, will also be close to his parents, and will not seek understanding on the side, from dubious personalities. Particular attention is paid to the idea that if a person has started to be recruited, and relatives have a suspicion for this, then it is important to remember that one-on-one cannot cope with this problem. In this case, you need to seek help from law enforcement agencies, which will be able to at least track the movement of the recruited and prevent him from getting into special camps. The importance of protecting young people at the State level and harsher punishment of those who recruit into terrorist organizations is emphasized.

One of the main mass media source is the Internet. This is an effective method of influencing the consciousness of the broad masses of citizens, in particular young people, on whom antisocial and asocial values are imposed with the help of information technologies in order to recruit them into terrorist and extremist groups. One of the highest priority tasks of the law enforcement agencies of the Russian Federation is the fight against extremism, in particular on the Internet, due to the expansion of the boundaries of the activities of extremist groups, the localization of which was cities or districts. Over the past two decades, extremist activity has become high-profile in media, which means that extremists can enter into discussions, propagate their ideological views in various Internet resources, thereby gaining the opportunity to reach tens, hundreds, thousands of people. An impressive part of the committed extremist crimes, as practice shows, falls on crimes using the Internet. Amendments to Russian legislation enable Roskomnadzor (Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Mass Communications) to restrict access to visiting extremist web-sites when they are detected and send information to the country's Prosecutor General's Office for further investigation, involving extremism counteraction units. The antiterrorist package of laws adopted in 2014 can be considered the next important step aimed at countering extremism in the country, one of the points of which is the registration with Roskomnadzor of site owners with an audience of more than two thousand users per day.

The purpose of this study was to examine the activities of international extremist and terrorist organizations in relation to organized crime. International extremism and terrorism are constantly expanding their boundaries by recruiting new members ready to commit terrorist acts. Terrorism and extremism, as one of the high-profile and violent transnational crimes, tend to spread globally. Their ranks are constantly being swollen by active participants who freely supply international extremist and terrorist organizations with weapons, ammunition, explosives, vehicles and equipment, as well as the necessary documents, recruiters and accomplices who finance large-scale and major terrorist operations. The research objectives are to analyze the reasons favoring the formation of complex network structures of organized crime with the involvement of extremists and terrorists in its ranks. The factors of growth of interconnection of organized crime with international extremist and terrorist groups are analyzed. The militants, who passed combat and special training and returned home from combat operations zone, pose a special danger as they create new local terrorist cells via social networks, provoke interethnic and religious conflicts, popularize the ideology of violence among the youth. It has been established that today there is a need to develop a well-thought-out system of interaction with foreign law enforcement agencies to effectively counteract these phenomena. The global and destructive nature of terrorism and extremism ideology, the eradication of which is a priority task for the world community. Criminal activity of international extremist and terrorist organizations involves not only specific perpetrators and their accomplices, but the whole social groups of ethnic, religious and political coloration, pursuing various goals. The world, faced with the aggression of international terrorism, should improve international anti-terrorist legislation, strengthen preventive and suppressive measures, and toughen responsibility for organized extremist and terrorist activity through the joint efforts of states.

Extremism and extremist activity are widespread in the modern world, and therefore, the study of the theoretical, legal and practical aspects of criminal liability of an extremist orientation retains significant relevance. It is important to note that the current Russian criminal legislation regulates in great detail certain elements of criminal acts of the above-mentioned nature, and investigative and judicial practice demonstrates a large number of cases considered under the relevant articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Among the crimes of an extremist orientation, it seems necessary to single out the organization of an extremist community as the most significant act, the consequence of which is the extremist activity of the corresponding organized group of persons. The purpose of writing a research paper is to analyze the criminal and legal bases of organizing an extremist community. The author comes to the conclusion that the current legislation and the practice of the top judicial bodies define the content of the category "extremist community" in great detail, including focusing on certain aspects of its organization, but in the context of the dynamic improvement of criminal practice in the modern world, it is required to study the stated issues, taking into account the existing legal and political realities. In the legal literature, there are many studies devoted to certain aspects of the organization of extremist communities, including some proposals for improving legislation and law enforcement practice in this area. Based on the analysis, a proposal was formulated to improve Art. 282.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, within the framework of which, as an independent element of a criminal act, it is necessary to single out the creation of an extremist community with the definition of proportionate responsibility for the specified crime, taking into account the importance of the organizational aspect for the commission of further illegal actions by the relevant community.

This scientific work is devoted to the study of the causes of cyberterrorist threats in the context of digital transformation and ways to counter this phenomenon. It has been established that information is the most important attribute of the modern world, when its multivariance is a valuable tool for influencing public consciousness, and scientific and technological progress contributes to its lightning-fast distribution. The objectives of the study are to analyze the causes of cyberterrorist threats in the context of digital transformation. The production and use of information is a key aspect of the development of the socio-political system. The use of the possibilities of digital transformation, as well as computers and information and communication systems in all spheres of human life, is multifaceted and contradictory. On the one hand, such possibilities are a powerful potential for human development while learning, and on the other hand, they are the determinants of cyberterrorism, the consequences of which affect not only individual people, but entire states. Thus, the growth in the number of users causes an increase in the number of crimes committed in cyberspace. The global consequences of cyberterrorist threats is the fact that as a result of informatization of state and military structures, a new environment is determined - cyberspace, in which all competing states act. Thus, the identified trends clearly indicate the need to increase the importance of counteracting cyberterrorist threats for ensuring national security. And if earlier the information structure of Russia was not vulnerable to terrorist attacks due to the low proportion of automated operations, then modern realities required its modernization and technical re-equipment, which to a certain extent increased the threat of successful unauthorized intrusion into it by cyberterrorists. Consequently, the issues of countering these threats are only increasing. And the main problematic area in this case is the cross-border nature of these crimes, when the perpetrator of violent acts is located several hundred or even thousands of kilometers from the place of the terrorist act. This implies the absence of traces of the crime, which of course does not contribute to the quick search for the offender and bringing him to criminal responsibility.

Misconduct of minors has certain specific features. This fact is clearly demonstrated in the prevalence of certain types of antisocial and asocial actions of children and adolescents. The above persons under the age of 18 are in the process of becoming a personality, which is accompanied by dynamic changes in life views and guidelines. The appearance of deviant acts as a kind of signal about the potential vulnerability of these individuals to the implementation of illegal and criminal ideas in the future. In this regard, the close attention of law enforcement agencies to the problems of deviant behavior and its large-scale distribution among modern children and adolescents is justified. The purpose of the present study is the analysis of topical issues of prevention and suppression of deviant behavior of minors by law enforcement officers. The author comes to the conclusion that the modern system of law enforcement agencies provides for many mechanisms for preventing and suppressing the deviant behavior of minors, which seems to be quite justified, since at various stages of the formation of their personality, a prompt response from the competent services may be required. It is noted the need to take into account current trends in the spread of deviant behavior among minors in the activities of law enforcement officers whose competence is considered the stated issue. Attention is focused on the need for close cooperation between law enforcement agencies and educational institutions, as well as various public organizations in the prevention and prevention of deviant behavior of persons under the age of 18.

The population of the Russian state has begun to fully take advantage of the achievements of the development of the financial and credit system, which is demonstrated by a very extensive practice of obtaining credits for various purposes. The most common type of credit products at present are consumer credits, which is objectively due to the availability and ease of their execution. However, these characteristics of consumer lending are of interest not only to borrowers, but can also be used as part of illegal activities. Currently, in order to implement criminal intent, individuals who do not have the appropriate authority become active participants in credit legal relations, which ultimately leads to a significant violation of the rights and legitimate interests of borrowers on their part. In 2021, this problem was resolved by introducing Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which fixed the responsibility for the implementation of activities for the provision of consumer credits (loans). The purpose of the study is the analysis of topical issues of countering illegal issuance of consumer credits in the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that Art. 171.5 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has become one of the main elements of the existing mechanisms for countering illegal issuance of consumer credits, which is supposed to be actively used not only in the process of identifying and suppressing criminal behavior, but also the scope of legal consequences enshrined in the sanction of this criminal law norm can be considered as a deterrent factor for those who think about committing such an illegal act. Despite the fact that at present the content of Art. 171.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation raises many questions, it seems appropriate to wait for a certain practice of its application, which will clearly demonstrate individual weal points and problems.

The political and economic processes taking place in the modern world, in which the Russian Federation is a participant, have a significant impact on the security, sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian state, and also affect its citizens. The sanctions imposed against the Russian Federation, individuals and legal entities are forcing the state to take radical response measures, including special economic measures and measures of influence (counteraction) on unfriendly actions of the United States of America and other foreign states, among which the most widely applicable ban on the import and export of goods from unfriendly foreign states. The article reveals the mechanism for applying a ban on the import and export of certain goods as a measure of influence (counteraction), analyzes the reasons for anti-Russian sanctions, focuses on the activities of customs authorities to monitor compliance with the established ban on the import or export of certain types of goods. The author concludes that it is necessary to develop and improve the economic sphere of the Russian state, including through the use of special economic measures and measures of influence (counteraction), in order to counteract unfriendly actions on the part of foreign states.

Corruption currently affects almost all spheres of life of Russian society and the state. Despite the deliberate attention to the problems of corrupt behavior, the most effective activity at present is the identification and suppression of corruption offenses and crimes. However, this is not enough for a comprehensive counteraction against the above-mentioned illegal phenomenon, in connection with which the introduction of measures to prevent corrupt behavior is currently becoming particularly relevant. Modern preventive and precaution activities are mostly focused on a targeted impact on certain categories of the population through the implementation of a number of organizational and legal measures of an anti-corruption nature. In this context, it seems necessary to provide an integrated approach to preventing the large-scale spread of corrupt behavior. The purpose of the study is to determine the necessary social and economic measures to prevent corruption-related crimes. The author comes to the conclusion that the prevention of corruption crimes is of paramount importance at the present stage of development of the Russian state, since it is much more efficient to work with factors that contribute to the formation of corrupt behavior than to stop criminal activity and eliminate its negative consequences. The need to develop a comprehensive system of social and economic measures to prevent corruption crimes for a short period is noted, since in the context of the dynamic improvement of state and international practice in the modern world, these measures can quickly lose their relevance. Attention is focused on the dependence of the effectiveness of the above measures on their compliance with those problematic issues that most acutely arise in society in a specific period of time.

The purpose of this study was to study the impact of globalization and informatization on crime in cyberspace. In the era of globalization and digitalization, all data, personal information and most of the money of people are on electronic custodians, smart phones and personal computers. However, such a sharp transformation of society has a big minus, which was expressed in the development of such a negative phenomenon as cybercrime. Cybercrime is not yet a fully understood phenomenon and the methodology for combating it has not yet been fully formed. Cybercrimes include crimes committed by using a personal computer to create virus programs, and the commission of computer attacks or theft of personal information and funds of individuals and legal entities. The development of information and communication technologies is the root cause of the emergence of cybercriminals. The weakness of the law enforcement system in the fight against cybercrime is due to the fact that they did not encounter a large number of hacker attacks and most of them were carried out by incompetent hackers who made banal mistakes and it was easy to track them down and bring them to justice, unlike their Western counterparts, who I had to fight with top-level specialists who left no traces and worked from the shadows. It is almost impossible to track them down and catch them. Thus, it becomes clear that our law enforcement agencies do not have, as such, experience in dealing with cybercriminals, as a result of which they have the opportunity to commit crimes and go unpunished in most cases. To prevent such situations in the future, it is necessary to prepare future police officers to fight cybercrime. To do this, in the process of training, they must study the experience of Western intelligence agencies in countering cybercrime. As a result, we will get specialists in the fight against cybercrime at the headquarters, whose task will be to suppress and prevent the commission of cybercrimes.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the legal regulation of biomedical experimental research as a necessary condition for the implementation of such experiments in the field of treatment and prevention of diseases within the framework of human rights. International acts, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and national legislation proclaim full awareness and the need for the voluntary consent of the persons participating in the experiment. Such restrictions are conditioned by the requirements of observance, protection and protection of human rights, respect for personal dignity, but do not exclude restrictions of such rights when certain circumstances occur. The aim of the study is to study the theoretical foundations of the legal regulation of biomedical experiments, legislative consolidation and judicial practice on the implementation of relevant legal norms at the national and supranational level, to determine the features of law enforcement on the example of vaccination with experimental vaccines against COVID-19. Results. As a result of the conducted research, the authors come to the conclusion that the expansion of the possibilities of biomedical experiments due to emergency circumstances (epidemics, pandemics, the threat of mass diseases and mortality) occurs in accordance with the accepted legal regulation. The authors believe that the state needs to take into account the cautious attitude of society towards biomedical experimental research in the form of vaccination with experimental vaccines, minimizing public and personal concern through further specification of regulatory regulations and law enforcement.

The article is devoted to highlighting the features of the legal regulation of the labor of foreign labor in Russia. The article analyzes the current Russian legislation on the procedure for attracting and using the labor of foreigners, including the latest, as well as issues of job quotas. The rights and obligations of foreign workers, guarantees of their work, as well as responsibility are disclosed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the concepts of "migrant worker", "migrant worker", "foreign worker". The author formulates a conclusion about the need to unify these concepts found in international documents. In conclusion, the author substantiates the proposal to include a new chapter in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation regulating the procedure for attracting and using certain categories of foreign workers (including scientific and pedagogical workers).

The purpose of this research work is to provide an answer to the question, based on the disclosure of the legal algorithm for the functioning of the investment platform, to what extent the entrepreneurial activity of the investment intermediary - the operator of the investment platform is optimally regulated by the Legislator. In addition, to what extent the current legal order facilitates, accelerates, simplifies the making of investments by investors, and by recipients of investments - attracting capital to their projects. The author substantiates that the interaction of the participants of the investment platform should be organized within the framework of a single agreement, in which the platform operator, the investor, the person attracting investments will act as parties, a single agreement should be technologically executed on the investment platform according to the smart contract algorithm. This will allow you to automatically make money transfers and keep records of data on each stage of the transaction executed using the investment platform on the depository and registration platform functioning as a special electronic service on the website of the Bank of Russia. Fixing the facts of transactions made using the investment platform should be carried out in the system of a polysubject jurisdictional blockchain. Six entities (two private and four public) operating on the territory of the Russian Federation should be combined into a polysubject blockchain scheme.

Problem statement. The current version of Chapter 12 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of 1996 has seven types of exemption from punishment. Such a variety of criminal law norms on exemption from punishment often creates in practice a situation of competition between them, in which there is a need to choose the norm to be applied. Such competition is also intensified by those types of exemption from punishment that are outside this chapter (Articles 73, 84, 85, 92 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The purpose of writing the article. This article is aimed at identifying cases of possible competition of criminal law norms on exemption from punishment and substantiating the rules for its resolution. Conclusions. The conducted research made it possible to substantiate the legal and factual approach to the choice of the norm on exemption from punishment to be applied and to formulate general and particular rules for resolving competition between the norms on exemption from punishment.

Purpose of the study. The article presents an analysis of Russian legislation on the violation of the employee's right to remuneration for work. Both the substantive and legal grounds and the trial procedure for bringing the employer to responsibility for the crime under Art. 145.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The authors note that the violation of the payment of wages in practice manifests itself in two forms: 1) the employer does not fulfill the obligation to pay wages; 2) the employer improperly fulfills the obligation to pay wages. Conclusions. Based on the study, the authors substantiate the need to amend the criminal law, and also propose measures aimed at improving the efficiency of criminal proceedings in this category.

Official negligence as a kind of deviant behavior, consists in deviation from the norms of responsibility, care and integrity in the workplace, which are especially important in conditions of strict regulation of the activities of law enforcement officers. This form of deviation, due to the presence of personal, emotional and motivational characteristics of employees of the relevant structures, is usually characterized by violations of the established service discipline, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the law enforcement system and discredits the image of a law enforcement officer in the eyes of society. Particular issues of the analysis of liability for negligence by law enforcement officers are relevant to the theory and practice of criminal law. This reason is conditioned by the need of their in-depth study so as to improve Russian criminal legislation and to extend the practical application of the criminal law norm specified in the Article 293 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as well as to implement its preventive potential. Research methodology: An in-depth study of the main categories and concepts used to accurately and correctly determine the constructive signs of the investigated criminal encroachment is done by dialectical, comparative, technical and logical methods. Summary: The article reveals the provisions on the specifics of the qualification of the actions of law enforcement officers that constitute a breach of good faith or negligence in the performance of his or her official duties. Conducted constructive analysis of criminal legislation, a synthesis of the views of individual scientists-lawyers are allowed to form a holistic view of the institution of responsibility of law enforcement officers for committing a crime under article 293 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and to identify the main problems that show up at the constructive tagging of this act. Eliminating these problems will help to increase the effectiveness of the application of this norm. Significance: The research provisions can be used for teaching of criminal law courses and for practical implementation of criminal nature of the offense.

The purpose of the research. The article considers the problem of the content of the system of principles of domestic criminal legislation. The legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Decisions of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, international and foreign criminal legislation are analyzed, and the writings of scholars are studiedlegal scholars in the field of principles of law. In October 2021, the author conducted a sociological study on the optimization of the principles of Russian criminal legislation, in the framework of which the staff of the judicial system and law enforcement agencies, as well as lawyers of the Moscow region, of which a total of 45 persons. The aim of the study is to identify ways to improve the principles of Russian criminal legislation. Results. As a result of the research, the author concludes that it is expedient to supplement the system of principles of Russian criminal legislation with the principle of legal certainty and the principle of inevitability of criminal responsibility. The singling out of these principles is conditioned by their theoretical and practical significance, which is expressed both in law enforcement activities and in the law-making process. Their implementation in criminal legislation will have an impact on the quality of criminal-law regulations, respect for the general legal guarantees of individuals and citizens, and will also contribute to the achievement of the objectives of domestic criminal legislation.