Modern Approaches to the Study of Liver Failure on Biological Models

Introduction. To date, according to WHO, liver failure (LF) is one of the ten leading causes of death in the elderly in developing countries. In developed countries, LF occurs in 0.03% of the population, but mortality and complication rate remain high. WHO predicts that in the next 10-20 years, mortality from liver diseases will increase by 2 times. In this regard, prevention and treatment of liver failure is of great medical and social significance, remains relevant and requires in-depth study on biological models.
The aim of the study was to systematize the data on modern approaches to study liver failure on biological models.
Material and methods. The authors reviewed data in PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, eLIBRARY. The search was conducted on the keywords "liver failure", biological model, "liver surgery", "liver failure", "modeling of liver failure", "biological model" and limited to the period 2010-2021. In addition, a manual search of papers in the peer-reviewed journals was carried out. Criteria for exclusion were: description of individual clinical cases, data from books and documents, comparison of clinical outcomes. Out of 109 initially identified sources, 40 sources were included in the final analysis.
Results. To date, there are several ways to simulate acute liver failure: surgical, toxic and combined. Chronic liver failure is also simulated diversely: toxically (tetrachloromethane, thioacetamide, dipin, sovtol-1, etc.); surgically (ligation of the bile ducts); dietarily (choline-deficient, etc.); genetically (introduction of exogenous genes into the germ line, combination of hepatotoxins with hepatocarcinogens). As stated, LF simulation has features associated with a high rate of regenerative processes in the liver; the fact allowing it to compensate for damage relatively quickly.
Conclusion. There are many techniques to simulate hepatic pathology, differing in damaging factors, the degree of damage and the reversibility of the process, different manifestations of biochemical and morphological changes. When choosing an option to reproduce liver failure, the researcher should take into account the advantages and disadvantages of the model, the conditions for conducting and the expected result of the experiment, and also choose the model that most accurately illustrates the clinical picture of this pathological condition.