Fetal programming of molar–incisor hypomineralization: a systematic review

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Molar–incisor hypomineralization is a form of systemic enamel hypoplasia characterized by defects affecting 1 to 4 first permanent molars, often accompanied by incisor involvement. Molar–incisor hypomineralization occurs in approximately one in eight children worldwide.

AIM: This work aimed to substantiate the need for a more detailed investigation of the etiological factors underlying molar–incisor hypomineralization based on an analysis of publications on fetal programming, with particular emphasis on the influence of prenatal and perinatal factors.

METHODS: Relevant publications were retrieved from the PubMed and eLIBRARY.RU databases without time restrictions. Study selection proceeded in two stages. First, titles and abstracts were screened for relevance. Second, full texts were reviewed. Disagreements were resolved through group discussion until consensus was reached. Of 157 identified publications, 29 met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis.

RESULTS: Prenatal factors associated with molar–incisor hypomineralization included maternal anemia, third-trimester illnesses, gestational diabetes, viral infections, more than three ultrasound examinations during the third trimester, preeclampsia, alcohol intake during pregnancy, psychological stress, and others. Perinatal factors reported in relation to molar–incisor hypomineralization included birth hypoxia, prolonged labor, preterm birth, low birth weight, labor induction, complications during delivery, cesarean section, and others.

CONCLUSION: The reviewed studies demonstrate a broad range of prenatal and perinatal factors associated with the development of molar–incisor hypomineralization. Expanding the evidence base on the etiologic mechanisms of molar–incisor hypomineralization may enable the development of effective population-level prevention strategies beginning in the prenatal period.

About the authors

Aleksandra A. Algazina

North State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: algazina.sascha@ya.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3876-5960
SPIN-code: 8363-2605

MD

Russian Federation, Arkhangelsk

Maria A. Gorbatova

North State Medical University

Email: marigora@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6363-9595
SPIN-code: 7732-0755

MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Associate Professor

Russian Federation, Arkhangelsk

Andrej M. Grjibovski

Reaviz University, Saint Petersburg; M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University

Email: a.grjibovski@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5464-0498
SPIN-code: 5118-0081

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)

Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg; Yakutsk

Ekaterina A. Mitkina

The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University

Email: miekandr@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5631-5197
SPIN-code: 5996-4317

MD

Russian Federation, Moscow

Liubov N. Gorbatova

North State Medical University

Email: Detstomkaf@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0675-3647
SPIN-code: 8037-5341

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor

Russian Federation, Arkhangelsk

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