Sine Hollow Solitons and Breathers in Nonlocal Media

Abstract

The nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NNLSE) describes the propagation dynamics of optical beams in nonlinear media with a spatial nonlocal response. Based on NNLSE, we obtain the generalized sine hollow solitons and breathers and show that the transverse intensity evolutions of them are always periodical. However, if the incident power takes a critical value, the beam width can remain invariant during the propagation, just like the solitons. Otherwise, the beam width varies periodically, just like the breathers. We investigate the evolution characteristics for both cases analytically and numerically in detail.