Том 93, № 10 (2023)

The creation of a new generation of materials, the development and implementation of import-substituting technologies is one of the locomotive of Russia’s technological development in the conditions of the country’s transition to the sixth technological order. In order to form an advanced scientific and technical reserve it is necessary to implement the basic principles of material science in relation to complex technical systems on the basis of inextricably linked fundamental and exploratory research. At the same time multilevel mathematical modelling of materials at the nano-, micro-, meso- and macro levels should be combined with applied and technological developments and then their implementation by enterprises of the real sector of the economy. In the creation of new materials (taking in account the full life cycle) and integrated systems for their protection the role of digital technologies is important. The article suggests the key scientific directions for the implementation of the activities of the section “Special Chemistry and Materials” of the Program of Fundamental Scientific Research in the Russian Federation for the long-term period from 2021 tо 2030.

Science must serve society, and it is through law that the attitude of the state to scientific activity is formulated, its social goal-setting is expressed, and the interests and requirements associated with obtaining a socially significant scientific effect are fixed. In modern realities, accelerated scientific and technological progress is becoming a historical imperative for the successful development of Russian statehood, and domestic jurisprudence must offer an effective legal strategy for scientific and technological development. Based on constitutional principles, the article discusses some of the main aspects of this strategy regarding its categorical apparatus, value-ideological and structural-economic orientation, organizational-administrative and spatial-territorial components. Proposals and approaches aimed at improving the legislative basis of the state scientific and technical policy are formulated.

The article is the first of the two contributions based upon the authors’ studies and reports provided to Horizon-2040. The latter is a project organized by the Agency for Strategic Initiatives serving a platform for strategic dialogue to determine the role and position of Russia in the international arena in 2040 and produce scenarios for the national long-term development trends in the key areas, environment and climate inclusive. The current state of the global environmental and climate change issues is contemplated. Also considered is dynamics of these issues within the past 50 years in terms of the global sustainable development priorities. A qualitative forecast of the state and expected developments in coping with the issues above by 2040 is introduced. The key challenges associated with the World Ocean, land waters, air quality, environmental situation in the cities, climate and biodiversity issues are briefly discussed. The priority strategic role of biodiversity in sustainable development of the world community and economy within the long term perspective is substantiated. Emphasized arwpoor understanding and under-evaluation of adaptation policy role in the global climate agenda. Distinguished are the four types of key events according to their contribution to the homo ecologicus formation. Also disclosed are the four key factors precipitating the existing poor situation in environmental and climate policy areas and tendencies of their further deterioration which (factors) involve public awareness, value system and human activity attitudes.

According to the authors of the article, issues of globalization and deglobalization need to be considered primarily through the prism of the growing confrontation between the two largest states in the world – USA and China. The scale and depth of this confrontation is growing; it is becoming more and more ideological, as well as political-military in character. United States due to a complex set of internal problems are now the main driving force behind deglobalization, although 25–30 years ago it was this country that was at the forefront of the reverse process – globalization. On the contrary, the leadership of the PRC, which has received great benefits from participation in the economic globalization, including within the framework of the World Trade Organization, persistently demonstrates its commitment to the growing economic interdependence of countries and regions. This commitment is noted, among other things, in Russian–Chinese documents of the highest level. The processes of globalization and deglobalization are of great importance for the socio-economic development of Russia, whose economy is part of the world economy, despite all the antirussian efforts of the collective West as part of its hybrid war against the Russian Federation.

The paper provides a historical assessment of the increasing role of remote sensing data, the methods, services and tools used in their acquisition and applied in the information support of precision agriculture technologies. The main problems constraining the scalability of aerospace imagery application in precision crop production have been considered. The necessity to create a new research methodology, the formation of an appropriate physical, technical and experimental infrastructure to overcome them has been emphasized. The application of methodology for planning and conducting specialized experiments in conjunction with remote and ground-based monitoring of field experiments with test plots for detection within-field heterogeneity and the degree of its intensity has been depicted. For this purpose, has been created the functional that implements the capabilities of two new methods for within-field variability delineation and border marking based on aerospace images. The first one based on the main geostatistical tool – variogram analysis, and the other one is based on the systematic quantitative assessment of the dynamics of changes in the integral optical characteristics of the crop.

During the decade 2014–2023 NATO has again focused on the containment of powerful non-Western powers (Russia and also China). It means that the Alliance has returned to the logic of functioning and development of the past Cold War. At the same time NATO has intensified its desire for globalization of activities, but in a different geographical configuration and forms then they were at the beginning of XXI^st century. The article tries to explore the process of the globalization of the Alliance activities, uses the theory of armed forces’ building and the theory of alliances. The author issues the dynamics and the results of unsuccessful NATO’s attempts to become the security provider for unstable states in the Middle and Near East (since 2000-s). The choice of new directions of NATO activities outside the Alliance’s area of responsibility was reasoned by the need to increase the effectiveness of the “deterrence” of Russia, “containment” of China, emphasizing the Alliance’s viability in the situation when the new world order has started to form. The new directions of the NATO’s usage at the global level are becoming the Arctic (basing on the cooperation with Norway as the Alliance’s member state) and Indo-Pacific region (the key track is the deepening cooperation with Japan and Australia). The scientific paper explores political and military steps of NATO and concludes about the perspectives of NATO activities in both regions.

The history of the creation of the first Soviet universal electronic computers is an excellent example of the ability and readiness of the Academy of Sciences to be a leader in the creation and development of new areas of science and technology. All work, starting with the design of computers and ending with the stage of creating computers and software, was carried out at the institutes of the Academy of Sciences. On December 4, 1948, I.S. Brook and B.I. Rameev received a copyright certificate for the invention of an automatic digital machine. It was the first official document indicating the beginning of work on the creation of computers in the USSR. The first Soviet computer, the M-1, was created at the Power Energy Institute under the leadership of Corresponding Member I.S. Brook. At the Institute of Precise Mechanics and Computer Engineering, under the guidance of Academician S.A. Lebedev, the most successful series of Soviet computers, BESM, was produced. The first copies of all new models of computers before being launched into a series were subjected to comprehensive tests at the Institute of Applied Mathematics, whose director was Academician M.V. Keldysh. Academician S.L. Sobolev was the ancestor of the Russian school of programming. The article contains little-known information about the first steps of computer science in Russia. Some facts about the history of those years were hidden in the archives for a long time and are now published for the first time.

For the first time in the modern historiography in the article discusses the history of the organization and activity of the magnetic and meteorological observatories of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Pacific coast (Russian Far East, China, Alaska). The novelty of the claimed topic is the widespread application of sources from the Russian archives (Saint-Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Russian Academy of sciences, Russian State Historical Archive, the Russian State Navy Archive, the Russian National Library (Department of Manuscripts) and legislative acts, which were not previously achievable to the scientific community. These materials made possible to painstakingly cover the history of those observatories. The author paid special attention to the role of the Academy in the establishment of the observatories. In the article were established the names of the observatory’s directors, under whose leadership magnetic and meteorological research was expanded in the Far East and Sibiria, difficult both of socio-political conditions and transport accessibility. The author also analyzed the role of the international scientific community and the contribution of academician of the Russian Academy of sciences A.Ya. Kupfer in the establishment of some observatories.

The article is devoted to the life and work of the outstanding Soviet scientist, pioneer of informatics and cybernetics, initiator of the development of a nationwide automated management information system, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Viktor Mikhailovich Glushkov (1923–1982). The author tells about the main stages of his biography, focusing on the scientific achievements: the solution of the fifth generalized Hilbert problem, the creation of the USSR’s largest Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, the development of the theory of digital automata, the first personal computers for engineering calculations, the most powerful supercomputers in the USSR with a new macro-pipeline architecture, contribution to cybernetics and computer science, programming theory and systems of algorithmic algebras, to the creation of artificial intelligence systems. Attention is paid to the role of  V.M. Glushkov as an ideologist and one of the creators of the industry of management information systems in the USSR, scientific director of large industrial management information systems. Particular attention is paid to the National Automated System for the Collection and Processing of Information proposed by him for accounting, planning and management of the national economy.