Том 44, № 1 (2017)

The coastal zone of the sea is a boundary domain between seawater and land, making most processes within it to show specific features. Seawater can penetrate into aquifers in the land part of the shore through the underwater part of the sea–shore interface and move over considerable distances from the shoreline, mixing with fresh groundwater. This process is of critical importance for the construction of oil and gas pipelines in permafrost areas.

An algorithm has been proposed for assessing the hydrological role of the main anthropogenic factors governing the formation of Moskva R. runoff both separately and in total. The effect of landscape transformations, hydroengineering structures, and water use on the runoff in the Moskva R. basin has been analyzed for characteristic periods in the recent 150 years (the middle XIX century, the early XX century, 1960–1980, and the first decade of the XXI century, the period of calculation of the average long-term runoff). The main hydrological effect of urbanization in the Moskva R. basin on river runoff formation in recent decades has been demonstrated. The shares of the anthropogenic and climatic factors in the overall changes in Moskva R. runoff in the early XXI century have been evaluated.

During urban development, the land surface is changed from undisturbed soils with natural vegetative cover to disturbed soils, managed landscapes, and built materials [2]. The change in land uses causes the stormwater runoff from impervious areas to be as much as 16 times higher than from natural areas [5] which implies increase of frequency of local flooding and more contribution to the streams carrying urbanized runoff. The main streams in the periphery of city Chandigarh, India are Patiali ki Rao and Sukhna Choe. This study focuses on the identification and development of a real time model for prediction of increase in stormwater runoff to the streams and within the watershed of Chandigarh due to urbanization. The study has undertaken hydraulic modeling of Sukhna Choe using United States Army Corps of Engineers Hydraulic Engineering Centre River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) to understand the urgent need of control of stormwater runoff to deal with flooding issues of the city. It has been concluded from this study that the condition of streams has been deteriorating from past to present to future condition of development and the predicted HEC-RAS water surface elevations can be put into effect to plan further development in the city.

In order to explore long-term evolution rule and future trend of runoff time series, and exactly detect its tendency and long-range correlation characteristics, runoff data covering 1952–2012 from 3 stations across the upper Fenhe River basin were analyzed. The moving average method, Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) method and Mann-Kendall (M-K) trend test method were simultaneously applied to analyze the trend characteristics firstly. Then Rescaled Range analysis (R/S) and Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) methods were employed to research the long-range correlation characteristics and length of non-periodic cycle of hydrological time series, they can systematically detect and overcome non-stationarity at all time scales. Finally, predict the future trend by combining the trend characteristics with the long-range correlation characteristics and length of non-periodic cycle. The results illustrate the annual runoff series is non-linear, non-normal time series, and have 10 years non-periodic cycle length and noticeable descending trend. This descending trend will continue in a period time of future.

This paper focuses upon south-eastern Lithuanian Quaternary aquifer system groundwater resources formation modelling. Groundwater model calibration has been performed for a pre-development and transient flow conditions. The results demonstrate that there is an intense interaction between groundwater and surface water bodies which form groundwater resources and runoff. For Quaternary cover the majority of unconfined groundwater outflows to surface water streams, the remaining part discharges through the confined interglacial/interstadial aquifers and lateral outflows across the boundaries. Groundwater prognostic exploitable resources can be obtained without a significant negative impact on the geoenvironment. The main sources of exploitable resources formation are increase in groundwater recharge and lateral inflow (40.7%), decreased outflow via streams and lateral boundaries (41.2%) and drawing up additional flow from the hydraulically connected streams (14.5%).

Literary data have been used to assess the inflow of petroleum hydrocarbons (with river runoff, precipitation, wastewaters, sea transport, and at ice thawing) into different regions of the White Sea. The hydroecological CNPSi-model was used as an instrument to reproduce the annual dynamics of hydrocarbon concentrations at their parallel inflow and subsequent transformation in the waters of the nine White Sea regions (the bays of Kandalaksha, Onega, Dvina, and Mezen; the Solovetskie Islands; the deep-water part: Bassein, Gorlo, Voronka, and Chupa Bay). The calculations were based on normal annual values of monthly variations of water temperature, light intensity, and transparency, the morphometric parameters of the regions (water areas, mean depths, and water volumes) and water exchange between the regions and with the Barents Sea (calculated by a hydrodynamic model). The calculated concentrations of hydrocarbons, the biomasses and activity characteristics of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria have been analyzed (their values were estimated for the 2-m surface water layer). The results of calculations were used to evaluate hydrocarbon balances for regions and the sea as a whole. The calculations demonstrate the balanced character of hydrocarbon fluxes, the balance discrepancy for the regions being <0.1–16.1%.

The results of many-year hydrochemical observations in several water intakes on the Valdai Hills are generalized. The formation of groundwater quality in karst carbonate deposits is studied. The extent of interaction between operated aquifers and the accumulation of some toxicants in bottom sediments of lake systems is analyzed.

The article gives the results of analysis of salt pollution at deposits of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area-Yugra (KhMAO-Yugra) based on data of regional hydrochemical monitoring. Data of a twenty-year observation series were used to identify the most polluted water bodies and to determine deposits with the largest salt load. Correlation and regression analyses are used to assess the interrelation between technogenesis characteristics and pollution level. It was found that the current salt pollution in the area is lower than that in the 1990s, though the pollution level has increased at some deposits of the Ob–Irtysh interfluve.

The biological methods of quality assessment of water include the determination of harmful biological entities. In this study, quality of water from two riverine study sites was monitored in terms of the most probable number (MPN index) and pathogenicity. MPN index was found to be 0.11 and 0.15/100 mL which was also confirmed by membrane filtration technique (MFT). The isolated pure cultures were subjected to various pathogenicity tests including blood haemolysis and biofilm formation. Out of ten isolates, six showed positive results and these potentially pathogenic isolates were found to be resistant to various antibiotics like erythromycin (E), vancomycin (VA), chloramphenicol (C), tetracyclin (TE), acidoclav (AC) and kanamycin (K). Genetic analysis of these six isolates confirms the presence of flanking regions of virulence cassettes pathogenicity island (PAI) in their genome. Hence, in addition to the MPN test, the pathogenicity tests using the amplification of flanking regions of PAI can be used as a marker for determination of biological quality of water.

The current practice of water resources use in irrigated agriculture in the Republic of Azerbaijan has some specific features and causes problems in the management of irrigation systems of different levels, associated with the existing land use and cropping patterns in the country. This article substantiates the need to implement a system of measures for improving water resources management in irrigation aimed to prevent the further depletion of their reserves through modernization of irrigation–reclamation systems and improvement of agricultural practices. The article proposes principles for protection of water resources and measures to mitigate the aftereffects of intense irrigation under anticipated increase in the internal consumption of freshwater and a decrease in transboundary river inflow into the Republic of Azerbaijan in the context of increasing water intake in the countries in Kura–Aras basin and global climate changes.