Impact of war on soils (review)
- Autores: Gordienko O.A.1,2
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Afiliações:
- Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Volgograd State University
- Edição: Nº 10 (2025)
- Páginas: 1354-1366
- Seção: DEGRADATION, REHABILITATION, AND CONSERVATION OF SOILS
- URL: https://ogarev-online.ru/0032-180X/article/view/308812
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0032180X25100095
- EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jwajjt
- ID: 308812
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Resumo
Since the birth of civilizations, human activity has led to such degradation processes as erosion, pollution, desertification and others. However, soil changes as a result of military operations, even in localized areas, can lead to the complete withdrawal of these lands from economic turnover. Despite the fact that the total area of the territory affected by military operations is only 0.024% (121 406 km2) of the total area of the Earth, the damage to the soil cover is catastrophic. The aim of the paper is to analyze the literature sources on the study of physical and chemical changes in soils as a result of military activities. The search covered the period from 1950 to 2024 for all known military conflicts of the world. After analyzing the works, the changes were categorized into physical, morphological and chemical. Physical manifested as soil compaction from tracked machinery. Changes in morphological properties are manifested in the form of removal of soil horizons as a result of construction of defensive structures, mixing of soils. The greatest damage occurred as a result of explosions of shells and bombs. In the first months of World War I alone, more than 20 million craters were formed throughout the theater of war. In localized battles, such as the Battle of Stalingrad, more than 40 thousand craters and craters were counted on an area of less than 500 km2. Description of the processes of mixing and movement of solid-phase material allowed to reveal a new form of pedoturbation – bomboturbation. As a result of explosions of shells and bombs, soils of craters have O-A-(B)-C profile. With the development of military science to physical and morphological disturbances were added chemical pollution of soils by fuel, heavy metals, as well as input of nitroaromatic explosives, organophosphorus nerve agents, radioactive elements, dioxins from herbicides. For decades, soils in war zones as well as military ranges have been heavily contaminated with toxic compounds, mainly explosives and munitions (and their residues) containing harmful substances including antimony (Sb), lead (Pb), uranium (U), 2, 4- dinitrotoluene (DNT), 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). These compounds are resistant to biological degradation or recycling and become a source of pollution potentially hazardous to human health and the environment. The extent of chemical contamination of soils as a result of warfare is enormous. Thus, only as a result of the war in Vietnam 14% of the country’s territory was polluted with defoliants and herbicides. The accumulated experimental and theoretical knowledge on the impact of military actions will allow tracing the transformation of various soil properties.
Palavras-chave
Sobre autores
O. Gordienko
Federal Scientific Centre of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Volgograd State University
Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: oleg.gordienko.95@bk.ru
Volgograd 400062 Russia; Volgograd, 400062 Russia
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