Nature Reduces the Energy Costs of Water Flow in the Capillary System of Plants and Blood Vessels of Animals

Abstract

Abstract—Nature is known to minimize the energy costs of water flow in the vascular bundles of plants and the blood vessels of animals. However, until recently, the mechanisms of this phenomenon remained unknown. The superfluidity of aqueous solutions that was recently discovered made it possible to develop a scientific basis and overcome many problems concerning this phenomenon. Vascular systems, which carry vital biological fluids, penetrate literally through all of the plants and animals on Earth. A variety of minerals are dissolved in soil water and blood plasma, which results in electrically charged conducting systems. All this enables manifestation of superfluidity in vascular systems of plants and animals. Superfluidity is an equivalent of viscosity reduction in fluids to values that are much lower than it can be expected.